THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF NEMATODES -as revealed in stone, amber andmummies -- Contents -- Dedication -- In memory of earlier workers -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Types of preservation -- Amber -- Rock deposits -- Trace fossils -- Coprolites -- Systematic treatment of fossil nematodes -- Nematodes from the Precambrian -- Nematodes from the Palaeozoic -- Nematodes from the Mesozoic -- Jurassic nematodes -- Cretaceous nematodes -- LEBANESE AMBER NEMATODES -- BURMESE AMBER NEMATODES -- NEMATODES FROM CRETACEOUS COPROLITES -- NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH CRETACEOUS FORAMINIFERA -- Nematodes from the Tertiary -- Baltic amber nematodes -- Eocene trace fossils -- Dominican amber nematodes -- Mexican amber nematodes -- Pliocene nematodes -- Nematodes from Pleistocene and Holocene deposits -- Human parasites from Pleistocene and Holocene remains -- Dubious nematode fossils -- Nematode artefacts -- Nematode time lines -- Problems with evaluating nematode fossils -- Longevity and extinctions of nematode lineages -- Nematode origins -- Origin of parasitism in nematodes -- ORIGIN OF INVERTEBRATE PARASITISM -- ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATE PARASITISM -- ORIGIN OF PLANT PARASITISM -- USING HOST FOSSILS TO ESTIMATE THE ORIGIN OF NEMATODE PARASITES -- Functional morphology and the behaviour of fossil nematodes -- Reproductive behaviour -- Fossil evidence of nematode diseases -- Palaeosymbiosis -- PHORESIS -- COMMENSALISM AND MUTUALISM -- PARASITISM -- Appendix I -- Taxonomic descriptions of previously known and new fossil nematode taxa ∗ -- Phylum Nematoda Potts, 1932 -- Class Enoplea Inglis, 1983 -- Subclass Enoplia Pearse, 1942 -- Order Enoplida Schuurmans Stekhoven & De Coninck, 1933 -- Family Palaeonematidae Poinar, Kerp & Hass, 2008 -- Genus Palaeonema Poinar, Kerp & Hass, 2008 -- Palaeonema phyticum Poinar, Kerp & Hass, 2008.

Family Palaeoenoploididae n. fam. -- Palaeoenoploides alessandrellianus Mattavelli & Bracchi, 2008 -- Subclass Dorylaimia Inglis, 1983 -- Order Mermithida Hyman, 1951 -- Superfamily Mermithoidea Braun, 1883 -- Family Mermithidae Braun, 1883 -- Genus Heydenius Taylor, 1935 -- Heydenius antiquus (von Heyden, 1860) Taylor, 1935 -- Heydenius araneus Poinar, 2000 -- Heydenius brownii Poinar, 2001 -- Heydenius cecidomyae n. sp. -- Heydenius dipterophilus n. sp. -- Heydenius dominicus Poinar, 1984 -- Heydenius formicinus Poinar, 2002 -- Heydenius lamprophilus n. sp. -- Heydenius matutinus (Menge, 1866) Taylor, 1935 -- Heydenius myrmecophila Poinar, Lachaud, Castillo & Infante, 2006 -- Heydenius neotropicus n. sp. -- Heydenius psychodae n. sp. -- Heydenius quadristriatus (Menge, 1872) Taylor, 1935 -- Heydenius saprophilus n. sp. -- Heydenius scatophilus n. sp. -- Heydenius sciarophilus n. sp. -- Heydenius tabanae n. sp. -- Genus Cretacimermis Poinar, 2001 -- Cretacimermis chironomae n. sp. -- Cretacimermis libani (Poinar, Acra & Acra, 1994) Poinar, 2001 -- Cretacimermis protus Poinar & Buckley, 2006 -- Family Tetradonematidae Cobb, 1919 -- Genus Myrmeconema Poinar & Yanoviak, 2008 -- Myrmeconema antiqua n. sp. -- Palaeotetradonema n. gen. -- Palaeotetradonema phlebotomae n. gen., n. sp. -- Palaeotetradonema sciarae n. sp. -- Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 -- Suborder Chromadorina Filipjev, 1917 -- Superfamily Chromadorina Filipjev, 1929 -- Family Nemavermidae n. fam. -- Nemavermes mackeei Schram, 1973 -- Order Desmoscolecida Filipjev, 1929 -- Superfamily Desmoscolecoidea Shipley, 1896 -- Family Eophasmidae n. fam. -- Eophasma jurasicum Arduini, Pinna & Teruzzi, 1983 -- Order Plectida Malakhov, 1982 -- Family Captivonemidae n. fam. -- Captivonema cretacea Boström in Manun, Bose, Sayer & Boström, 1994 -- Family Plectidae Örley, 1880.

Genus Oligoplectus Taylor, 1935 -- Oligoplectus succini (von Duisburg, 1862) Taylor, 1935 -- Order Rhabditida Chitwood, 1933 -- Suborder Spirurina Railliet & Henry, 1915 -- Infraorder Oxyuridomorpha De Ley & Blaxter, 2002 -- Superfamily Thelastomatoidea Travassos, 1929 -- Family Thelastomatidae Travassos, 1929 -- Genus Paleothelastoma n. gen. -- Paleothelastoma tipulae n. gen., n. sp. -- Infraorder Spiruromorpha De Ley & Blaxter, 2002 -- Superfamily Filarioidea Chabaud & Anderson, 1959 -- Family Filariidae Chabaud & Anderson, 1959 -- Genus Cascofilaria n. gen. -- Cascofilaria baltica n. gen., n. sp. -- Cascofilaria dominicana n. gen., n. sp. -- Cascofilaria parva n. gen., n. sp. -- Infraorder Ascaridomorpha De Ley & Baxter, 2002 -- Superfamily Ascaridoidea Baird, 1853 -- Family Ascarididae Baird, 1853 -- Genus Ascarites Poinar & Boucot, 2006 -- Ascarites priscus Poinar & Boucot, 2006 -- Ascarites gerus Poinar & Boucot, 2006 -- Superfamily Cosmocercoidea Travassos, 1925 -- Family Cosmocercidae Travassos, 1925 -- Genus Palaeocosmocerca n. gen. -- Palaeocosmocerca burmanica n. gen., n. sp. -- Suborder Tylenchina Thorne, 1949 -- Infraorder Panagrolaimomorpha De Ley & Blaxter, 2002 -- Superfamily Panagrolaimoidea Thorne, 1937 -- Family Panagrolaimidae Thorne, 1937 -- Genus Panagrolaimus Fuchs, 1930 -- Panagrolaimus neotropicus n. sp. -- Infraorder Tylenchomorpha De Ley & Blaxter, 2002 -- Superfamily Aphelenchoidea Fuchs, 1937 -- Family Aphelenchoididae Skarbilovich, 1947 -- Genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 -- Bursaphelenchus similus n. sp. -- Genus Chalcidonema n. gen. -- Chalcidonema paradoxa n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Cretaciaphelenchoides n. gen. -- Cretaciaphelenchoides burmensis n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Cryptaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 -- Cryptaphelenchus dominicus n. sp. -- Genus Oligaphelenchoides Poinar, 1977 -- Oligaphelenchoides atrebora Poinar, 1977.

Oligaphelenchoides dominicanus n. sp. -- Oligaphelenchoides maximus n. sp. -- Genus Palaeoaphelenchoides n. gen. -- Family Acugutturidae Hunt, 1980 -- Genus Setonema n. gen. -- Setonema protera n. gen., n. sp. -- Superfamily Sphaerularioidea Lubbock, 1861 -- Family Anguinidae Nicoll, 1935 -- Genus Palaeoanguina n. gen. -- Palaeoanguina dominicana n. gen., n. sp. -- Family Iotonchidae Goodey, 1935 -- Genus Paleoiotonchium n. gen. -- Paleoiotonchium dominicanum n. gen., n. sp. -- Family Allantonematidae (Pereira, 1932) Chitwood & Chitwood, 1937 -- Genus Howardula Cobb, 1921 -- Howardula helenoschini Poinar, 2003 -- Genus Palaeoallantonema n. gen. -- Palaeoallantonema apionae n. gen., n. sp. -- Palaeoallantonema baltica n. gen., n. sp. -- Palaeoallantonema cephalotae n. gen., n. sp. -- Palaeoallantonema dominicana n. gen., n. sp. -- Palaeoallantonema phlebotomae n. gen., n. sp. -- Palaeoallantonema zygopinae n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Palaeoparasitylenchus n. gen. -- Palaeoparasitylenchus dominicanus n. gen., n. sp. -- Family Sphaerulariidae Lubbock, 1865 -- Genus Tripius Chitwood, 1935 -- Tripius balticus n. sp. -- Suborder Rhabditina Chitwood, 1933 -- Infraorder Diplogastromorpha De Ley & Blaxter, 2002 -- Superfamily Diplogastroidea Micoletzky, 1922 -- Genus Apifilaria n. gen. -- Apifilaria proplebiae n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Chilonema n. gen. -- Chilonema filaforma n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Cretodiplogaster n. gen. -- Cretodiplogaster termitophilus n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Diplonema n. gen. -- Diplonema minuta n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Filotermes n. gen. -- Filotermes minutus n. gen., n. sp. -- Oligodiplogaster Poinar, 1977 -- Oligodiplogaster antiqua Poinar, 1977 -- Genus Palaeodiplogaster n. gen. -- Palaeodiplogaster brentiphila n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Formicodiplogaster n. gen. -- Formicodiplogaster myrmenema n. gen., n. sp.

Genus Scarabinema n. gen. -- Scarabinema minuta n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Scolytonema n. gen. -- Scolytonema dominicana n. gen., n. sp. -- Scolytonema hispaniolae n. gen., n. sp. -- Scolytonema mexicana n. gen., n. sp. -- Syconema n. gen. -- Syconema dominicana n. gen., n. sp. -- Infraorder Rhabditomorpha De Ley & Blaxter, 2002 -- Superfamily Rhabditoidea Örley, 1880 -- Family Rhabditidae Örley, 1880 -- Genus Palaeoarachnus n. gen. -- Palaeoarachnus balticus n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Crustafila n. gen. -- Crustafila confina n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Palaeorhabditis n. gen. -- Palaeorhabditis balticus n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Prescafilotermes n. gen. -- Prescafilotermes dominicanus n. gen., n. sp. -- Prescafilotermes elongatus n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Psocidonema n. gen. -- Psocidonema dominicana n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Psychodorhabditis n. gen. -- Psychodorhabditis attenuatus n. gen., n. sp. -- Psychodorhabditis balticus n. gen., n. sp. -- Psychodorhabditis dominicanus n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Tipulacomis n. gen. -- Tipulacomis balticus n. gen., n. sp. -- Tipulacomis dominicanus n. gen., n. sp. -- Superfamily Heterorhabditoidea n. grad. -- Family Heterorhabditidae Poinar, 1976 -- Genus Proheterorhabditis n. gen. -- Proheterorhabditis burmanicus n. gen., n. sp. -- Genera without family status -- Copalonema n. gen. -- Copalonema colombiana n. gen., n. sp. -- Genus Vetus Taylor, 1935 -- Vetus capillaceus (Menge, 1866) Taylor, 1935 -- Vetus duisburgi Taylor, 1935 -- Vetus elongatus n. sp. -- Vetus libani n. sp. -- Vetus maximus n. sp. -- Vetus microcosmus n. sp. -- Vetus pristinus (Menge, 1866) Taylor, 1935 -- Vetus robustus Poinar, 1977 -- Appendix II -- Key to nematodes presented in this work -- Appendix III -- Techniques for studying nematodes in amber -- References -- Colour plates -- Index.