Table of Contents -- Table of Treaties and Other Agreements -- Table of Amnesty Laws and Decrees -- Table of Cases -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: The Practice of Amnesty: Its Emergence, Development and Rational -- 1. The emergence of the practice of amnesty -- 2. Development of the use of amnesty -- A. European Wars -- B. Non-European Conflicts -- C. Civil Wars -- D. Modern Practice -- 3. Rationale -- 4. The current phase of development: The International legal question -- Chapter 3: National Amnesty Laws -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Amnesty Laws in Africa -- A. Uganda's amnesty law -- B. Amnesty in South Africa -- C. South African decisions on the validity of amnesty -- 3. The Latin Amnesty Laws -- A. Argentina -- B. Chile -- C. El Salvador -- D. Uruguay -- E. Latin American regional jurisprudence on the legality of municipal amnesty laws -- 4. Other examples of national amnesty laws -- 5. Understanding transitional justice: From amnesty to legal liability -- Chapter 4: The Rationale of Legal Liability and Amnesty -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The rationale of criminal liability culminating in Punishment -- 3. Weighing the justifications of punishment and amnesty -- 4. The rationale of civil actions -- 5. Weighing the justifications of amnesty and civil Liability -- 6. Conclusion -- Chapter 5: Opting for Prosecution or Amnesty in a System of General Relativity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Prosecution before national courts -- 3. The Nuremberg and Tokyo International Military tribunals -- 4. The international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda -- A. The basis for the establishment of ad hoc Tribunals -- B. The jurisdiction of the tribunals -- C. Crimes within the purview of the jurisdiction of the tribunals -- D. International co-operation and judicial Assistance.

E. The power of the tribunals to give effect to a national amnesty law -- F. Future ad hoc tribunals -- 5. The international criminal court -- A. The legal basis of the courts jurisdiction and amnesty -- B. The co-operation of a state in relation to an amnestied accused -- C. Crimes under the courts jurisdiction -- 6. Conclusion -- Chapter 6: Prosecution Pursuant to International Humanitarian Law Treaties -- 1. The origin and scope of the right to prosecute for Violations of the law of armed conflict -- 2. An obligation to ensure the prosecution of violations of the laws of armed conflict -- 3. The obligation to prosecute in non-international armed conflicts -- 4. The treatment of humanitarian law by the South African Cape Provincial Division -- 5. The treatment of humanitarian law by the South African Constitutional Court -- 6. Conclusion -- Chapter 7: Addressing Impunity through Human Rights Treaties and Related Instruments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The obligation to promote human rights -- 3. The obligation to secure the protection of human rights -- 4. The right to an effective remedy -- 5. Limitations on the right to and obligation of judicial protection -- 6. Treaties requiring the criminalization of specific human Rights violations -- A. Genocide -- B. Apartheid -- C. Torture -- D. Slavery -- E. Racial Discrimination -- 7. Treaties requiring the punishment of specific international Crimes -- A. Terrorism -- B. Offences against diplomatic agents -- C. Drug Offences -- D. Offences relating to nuclear material -- E. Money laundering, fraud, corruption and insider Dealing -- 8. Conclusion -- Chapter 8: Defining the Parameters and Criteria for a General Norm against Impunity -- 1. The implications and scope of a customary duty to prosecute -- 2. Deriving a duty from the criminal nature of the prohibition.

3. An obligation to prosecute deriving from the definition of a crime against international law -- 4. An obligation to prosecute deriving from the rules relating to state responsibility for the acts of individuals -- 5. Forms of state practice and opinio juris -- A. Treaties as evidence of custom -- B. Municipal laws as evidence of custom -- C. Treaty obligations -- D. The need for an empirical analysis of treaty and domestic practice in the determination of the customary nature of a duty to prosecute -- Chapter 9: State Practice, Opinio Juris and a Duty to Prosecute -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Torture -- 3. Genocide -- 4. Crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity -- 5. Slavery -- 6. Extra-judicial executions -- 7. Enforced disappearances -- 8. The development of a general rule for serious violations of human rights and crimes against international law -- 9. Effect of amnesty for serious human rights violations on the customary position -- 10. Conclusion -- Chapter 10: Amnesty and Civil Liability -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The right to reparations in terms of international law -- 3. Reconciling municipal amnesties for civil liability with international law -- 4. Evaluating some existing precedents on amnesty for civil liability -- 5. Dovetailing the normative restrictions on amnesty for criminal and civil liability -- Chapter 11: Reconciling Municipal Amnesty with Global Justice: the need for a Protocol to the Rome Statute -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The South African Model -- 3. Accommodating international requirements in the amnesty jurisprudence through the concept of the political offence -- 4. International effects of municipal amnesty -- 5. International recognition of municipal amnesty -- A. The case for recognition -- B. International recognition of amnesties in state Practice.

C. Recognition of amnesties before international criminal tribunals -- D. Accommodating amnesties within the existing Framework -- Chapter 12: Conclusion Towards the Development of Principles for the Limitation of Municipal Amnesty Laws -- 1. The proper limits to municipal amnesties -- 2. Exemption from the national prosecution of international Offenders -- 3. Exemption from the duty to extradite or surrender the recipients of amnesty -- 4. Guidelines on the exceptional international recognition of amnesties for serious international crimes -- 5. The future development of principles for the limitation of national amnesty laws -- Appendix: Draft Protocol -- Preamble -- 1. Chapter I: Definitions -- 2. Chapter II: Application -- 3. Chapter III: Prohibitions -- 4. Chapter IV: Excemption from the National Prosecution of International Offenders -- 5. Chapter V: Extradition and Surrender of an Amnestied Individual -- 6. Chapter VI: Final Provisions -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W -- Y -- Z.