Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes and Nanotechnology -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 Nanotechnology, the Technology of Small Thermodynamic Systems -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Origins of Nanotechnology -- 1.3 What Nanotechnology Is -- 1.3.1 What Can Nanotechnology Do For Us? -- 1.3.2 Where did the Name ''Nano'' Came From? -- 1.3.3 Does Every Nanosystem Have To Be So Small? -- 1.3.4 How and Why do the Properties of Matter Change by Entering the Nano-domain? -- 1.3.5 Has Nanotechnology Been Used Before? -- 1.3.6 Why did it Take us so Long to Realize the Importance of Nanotechnology? -- 1.4 Back to the Science -- 1.5 Large Systems and Small Systems Limits -- 1.6 Scales of Inhomogeneity -- 1.6.1 Thermal Gravitational Scale -- 1.6.2 Capillary Length -- 1.6.3 Tolman Length -- 1.6.4 Line Tension (τ) and the (τ/σ) Ratio -- 1.6.5 Correlation Length (ξ) -- 1.7 Thermodynamics of Small Systems -- 1.8 Configurational Entropy of Small Systems -- 1.9 Nanophenomena -- 1.9.1 Optical Phenomena -- 1.9.2 Electronic Phenomena -- 1.9.3 Thermal Phenomena -- 1.9.4 Mechanical Phenomena -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Raman Spectroscopy -- the Diagnostic Tool -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Raman Phenomenon -- 2.3 General Theory of Raman Scattering -- 2.4 Raman Selection Rules -- 2.4.1 Vibration Modes and the Polarizability Tensor -- 2.5 Symmetry -- 2.5.1 Identity (E) -- 2.5.2 Center of Symmetry (i) -- 2.5.3 Rotation Axes (Cn) -- 2.5.4 Planes of Symmetry (σ) (Mirror Planes) -- 2.5.5 Rotation Reflection Axes (Sn) (Improper Rotation) -- 2.5.6 Symmetry Elements and Symmetry Operations -- 2.6 Point Groups -- 2.6.1 Point Groups of Molecules -- 2.6.2 Point Groups of Crystals -- 2.7 Space Groups -- 2.7.1 Screw Axis (np) -- 2.7.2 Glide Planes -- 2.7.3 Space Groups in One- and Two-dimensional Space -- 2.8 Character Table -- 2.8.1 Symmetry Operations and Transformation of Directional Properties.

2.8.2 Degenerate Symmetry Species (Degenerate Representations) -- 2.8.3 Symmetry Species in Linear Molecules -- 2.8.4 Classification of Normal Vibration by Symmetry -- 2.8.5 Raman Overtones and Combination Bands -- 2.8.6 Molecular and Lattice Raman Modes -- 2.9 Raman from an Energy Transfer Viewpoint -- 2.10 Boltzmann Distribution and its Correlation to Raman Lines -- 2.11 Perturbation Effects on Raman Bands -- 2.11.1 Strain Effects -- 2.11.2 Heat Effects -- 2.11.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Effects -- 2.11.4 Structural Imperfections Effects -- 2.11.5 Chemical Potentials Effects -- 2.12 Resonant Raman Effect -- 2.13 Calculations of Raman Band Positions -- 2.14 Polarized Raman and Band Intensity -- 2.15 Dispersion Effect -- 2.16 Instrumentation -- Recommended General Reading -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Fullerenes, the Building Blocks -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Introduction -- 3.3 Fullerenes, the Beginnings and Current State -- 3.4 Zero-dimensional Fullerenes: The Structure -- 3.4.1 Structure of the [60] Fullerene Molecule -- 3.4.2 Structure of the [70] Fullerene Molecule -- 3.5 Production Methods of Fullerenes -- 3.5.1 Huffman-Krätschmer Method -- 3.5.2 Benzene Combustion Method -- 3.5.3 Condensation Method -- 3.6 Extraction Methods of Fullerenes -- 3.7 Purification Methods of Fullerene -- 3.8 Fullerene Onions -- 3.9 One-dimensional Fullerene: The Structure -- 3.9.1 Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) -- 3.9.2 Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) -- 3.9.3 Production of Carbon Nanotubes -- 3.10 Two-dimensional Fullerenes - Graphene -- References -- CHAPTER 4 The Nano-frontier -- Properties, Achievements, and Challenges -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Raman Scattering of Fullerenes -- 4.2.1 Raman Scattering of C60 Molecules and Crystals -- 4.2.2 Raman Scattering of C70 -- 4.2.3 Raman Scattering of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes.

4.2.4 Raman Scattering of Double- and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes -- 4.2.5 Raman Scattering of Graphene -- 4.2.6 Thermal Effects on Raman Scattering -- 4.3 Fullerene Solubility and Solvent Interactions -- 4.3.1 Solvent Effects on Fullerenes -- 4.3.2 Fullerene Effects on Solvents -- 4.4 Fullerenes under Pressure -- 4.5 Overview, Potentials, Challenges, and Concluding Remarks -- References -- APPENDIX 1 Character Tables for Various Point Groups -- APPENDIX 2 General Formula for Calculating the Number of Normal Vibrations in Each Symmetry Species -- APPENDIX 3 Polarizability Tensors for the 32 Point Groups, Including the Icosahedral Group -- Subject Index.