CELLULASE: TYPES AND ACTION, MECHANISM AND USES -- CELLULASE: TYPES AND ACTION, MECHANISM AND USES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 CELLULASES FROM FUNGI AND BACTERIA AND THEIR BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE -- 2.1 Chemical Structure -- 2.2 Crystalline Structure -- 3. CELLULOSE HYDROLYSIS -- 4. CELLULASES CLASSIFICATION -- 5. REACTION MECHANISM OF CELLULASE ENZYMES -- 6. THE CELLULOSOME CONCEPT -- 7. CELLULASES OF MESOPHILIC ORIGIN -- 7.1 Bacterial Cellulases -- 7.2 Fungal Cellulases -- 8. CELLULASES OF THERMOPHILIC ORIGIN -- 8.1 Bacterial and Archaeal Cellulases -- 8.2 Fungal Cellulases -- 9. CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF CELLULASE GENES -- 9.1 Heterologous Cloning and Expression in Different Microbial Hosts -- 9.2 Cloning and Expression in Plant Systems -- 9.3 Cloning and Expression in Bombix Mori Cells and Larvae through the Baculovirus Expression System -- 10. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CELLULASES -- 10.1 Cellulases in Brewing and Wine Biotechnology -- 10.1.1 Beer Brewing Process -- 10.1.2 Wine Production -- 10.2 Cellulases in Animal Feed Biotechnology -- 10.3 Cellulases in Pulp and Paper Biotechnology -- 10.3.1 Biomechanical Pulping -- 10.3.2 Biomodification of Fibers -- 10.3.3 Biodeinking -- 10.4 Cellulases in Food Biotechnology -- 10.4.1 Fruit and Vegetable Juices -- 10.4.2 Olive Oil -- 10.5 Cellulases in Textile and Laundry Biotechnology -- 10.5.1 Biostoning and Biopolishing -- 10.5.2 Laundry -- 10.6 Cellulases in Bioethanol Production -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL CELLULASES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CELLULOSE BIOTECHNOLOGY -- POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES -- APPLICATION OF CELLULASES -- Bioethanol -- Biogas Production -- Textile Industry -- Laundry and Detergents -- Food and Animal Feed -- Pulp and Paper Industry.

FACTORS AFFECTING CELLULASE ENZYME PRODUCTION -- Chemical Factors -- Effect of Carbon Sources -- Effect of Nitrogen Sources -- Phosphorus Sources -- Physical Factors -- pH -- Temperature -- LIMITATION OF CELLULASE ACTION ON CELLULOSIC BIOMASS -- HYPERCELLULOLYTIC ENZYME PRODUCTION -- Mutagenesis -- Genetic Manipulations Techniques -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 CELLULASES: FROM PRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIODEGRADATION: USE OF PLANT BIOMASS FOR CELLULASES PRODUCTION -- STRATEGIES FOR CELLULASES DETECTION AND PRODUCTION -- BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL CELLULASES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION FOR PRODUCTION OF MICROBIAL CELLULASE: AN OVERVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CELLULASE PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS -- 3. SOLID- STATE FERMENTATION (SSF) -- 3.1 Lignocellulosic Residues/Wastes as Solid Substrate -- 3.2 Pretreatment of Agricultural Residues -- 3.3 Selections of Microorganisms in SSF -- 3.4 Substrates and Nutrient Source in SSF -- 3. 5 Measurement of Cellulase Activity in SSF -- 4. CELLULASE PRODUCTION IN SSF SYSTEM -- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL CELLULASE PRODUCTION IN SSF SYSTEMS -- 5.1 Water Activity/Moisture Content -- 5.2 Temperature -- 5.3 Mass Transfer Processes: Aeration and Nutrient Diffusion -- 5.4 Substrate Particle Size -- 5.5 pH -- 5.6 Inoculation Size -- 5.7 Surfactants -- 6. FERMENTER (BIOREACTOR) DESIGN FOR CELLULASE PRODUCTION IN SSF -- 7. BIOMASS CONVERSIONS AND APPLICATION OF MICROBIAL CELLULASES -- 7.1 Textile Industry -- 7.2 Laundry and Detergents -- 7.3 Food and Animal Feed -- 7.4 Pulp and Paper Industry -- 7.5 Bio-Fuel -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 ENHANCED ENZYME SACCHARIFICATION OF CEREAL CROP RESIDUES USING DILUTE ALKALI PRETREATMENT.

ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS AND MATERIALS -- Materials -- Pretreatment -- Enzyme Assays -- Enzymatic Saccharification -- Analytical Methods -- Xylan Extraction -- Acid-Insoluble Lignin Extraction -- Total Phenolic Determination -- Statistical Methods -- RESULTS -- Compositional Analysis of Straw Residues -- Optimising Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Mild Alkali Treated Wheat Straw -- Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Mild Alkali Treated Sorghum Straw -- Alkali Pretreatment Reduces Straw Mass -- Total Sugar Yields in Enzyme Saccharified Hydrolysates -- Sugar Composition of Enzyme Saccharified Hydrolysates -- Delignification during Mild-Alkaline Pretreatment -- Release of Phenolics into Pretreated Liquors and Saccharified Hydrolysates -- Mass Balance -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES ISOLATED FROM BRAZILIAN AREAS: PRODUCTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS -- I. CELLULOSE -- II. HEMICELLULOSE -- III. LIGNOCELLULOLITIC ENZYMES -- III.1. Cellulase -- IV. CELLULASES APPLICATION -- V. CELLULASE PRODUCTION -- V.1. ENZYMATIC PRODUCTION -- VI. CELLULASE PROPERTIES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 CELLULASES USES OR APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- CELLULASES USES OR APPLICATIONS -- Microorganisms Producing Cellulases -- 1. CELLULASES APPLICATIONS -- 1.1 In Food Industry -- 2. IN BREWING AND WINE INDUSTRIES -- 3. IN ANIMAL FEED INDUSTRY -- 4. IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY, LEATHER AND LAUNDRY INDUSTRIES -- 4.1. In Textile Industry -- 4.2. Use of Cellulase in Laundry -- 5. AGRICULTURE-BASED BIOFUELS -- 6. CELLULASES AND HEMICELLULASES IN PULP AND PAPER BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 6.1. Bio-Mechanical Pulping -- 6.2. Bio-Bleaching of Kraft Pulps -- 6.3. Bio-Modification of Fibres -- 6.4. Bio-De-Inking -- 6.5. Bio-Improvement of Drainage Properties and the Performance of Paper Mills -- 6.6. Bio-Characterization of Pulp Fibers.

7. WASTE WATER TREATMENT -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 LIMITATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT ON CELLULOSE HYDROLYSIS BY CELLULASE ASSAY AND SEARCH FOR THE TRUE CELLULASE DEGRADING CRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE -- 1. ABSTRACT -- 2. INTRODUCTION -- 3. CELLULASE SYSTEM AND CELLULOLYTIC MECHANISM -- 4. SYNERGISM OF CELLULOSE DEGRADATION -- 5. CELLULASE ASSAY AND SUBSTRATE -- 6. POTENTIAL STRATEGY FOR SEEKING TRUE CELLULASE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 CELLULASE: TYPES, ACTIONS, MECHANISMS AND USES -- TYPES -- ACTIONS -- MECHANISM -- Mechanistic Details of Beta-Glucosidase Activity of Cellulase -- USES -- BIOFUEL -- WASTE TREATMENT -- TREATMENT FOR PHYTOBEZOARS -- DETERGENTS -- TEXTILE INDUSTRY -- PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY -- FOOD AND ANIMAL FEED -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF SNAIL AND TRICHODERMA REESEI CELLULASES ON ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS AND ETHANOL FERMENTATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 2.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of Lignocellulose to Ethanol -- 2.3.1 Preparation of Yeast Inoculum -- 2.3.2 SSF -- 2.4 Analytical Methods -- 2.4.1 Enzymatic Activity Assays -- 2.4.2 Analysis of Sugar and Ethanol by HPLC -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Enzymatic Activity of CES and CET -- 3.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 3.2.1 Enzymatic Hydrolysis using Equal Activities of CES and CET -- 3.2.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis using 1:1 CES and CET Mixtures -- 3.2.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis using Various Ratios of CES and CET -- 3.3 SSF -- 3.3.1 SSF using Equal Activities of CES and CET -- 3.3.2 SSF using 1:1 CES and CET Mixtures -- 3.3.3 SSF using Various Ratios of CES and CET Mixtures -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.

Chapter 11 ENGINEERING THERMOBIFIDA FUSCA CELLULASES: CATALYTIC MECHANISMS AND IMPROVED ACTIVITY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ELUCIDATION OF CATALYTIC MECHANISMS -- ROLES OF CELLULOSE-BINDING MODULES -- IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE HYDROLYSIS -- IMPROVEMENT IN PROCESSIVITY -- CONVERTING FREE CELLULASES INTO CELLULOSOME COMPONENTS -- OTHER CELLULASE PROPERTIES FOR BIOMASS CONVERSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REVIEWED BY -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.