Cover -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- Background -- The Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Concept -- Approach Used in This Study -- Key Elements for a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action in the Grassland and Livestock Sector -- Technical Dimensions -- Institutional Dimensions -- Policy Dimensions -- Key Elements for Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions at the National Level -- Institutional Arrangements for Coordination of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions -- Domestic Approval Procedures -- National Measurement, Reporting, and Verification Arrangements -- Securing and Managing Climate Finance -- Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Readiness and a Pathway to Implementation -- Summary of Readiness -- Pathway to Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Implementation -- Conclusions -- Appendixes -- 1 Origin and Evolution of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions -- 2 Climate Benefits of the Mongolian National Livestock Program -- 3 Baseline Indicators of the Current National Livestock Program Monitoring and Evaluation System -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Tables -- 1 Analytical Categories for Climate-Smartness: Adaptation and Mitigation -- 2 Climate-Smart Components of the National Livestock Program -- 3 National Livestock Program Activities Selected for In-Depth Analysis -- 4 Baseline and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Scenario Greenhouse Gas Emission Indicators per Activity -- 5 Cumulative Mitigation Potential of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Activities per Aimag and at Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Level, 2013-2020 -- 6 Greenhouse Gas Abatement Costs and Financial Internal Rate of Return for Each Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Activity, 2013-2020.

7 Livestock Mortality Rates at Which Selected Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Activities Are No Longer Financially Viable -- 8 Proportion of Herders Surveyed Citing Reasons for Not Rotating Use of Summer Pastures -- 9 Activity Data Required to Quantify Baseline Emissions -- 10 Default Values Required to Quantify Baseline Enteric Fermentation Emissions -- 11 Default Values Required to Quantify Baseline Manure Management Emissions -- 12 Comparison of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Activity Types -- 13 Financial Characteristics of Each Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Activity Type and Corresponding Financing Measures -- 14 Total Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Investment Requirements and Financing Mechanisms () -- 15 Estimating Greenhouse Gas Benefits through a Results-Based Monitoring Framework -- 16 National Livestock Program Indicators -- Figures -- 1 Key Elements for Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Development at Sector and National Levels -- 2 Contribution of Activities of the National Livestock Program to Adaptation and Mitigation by Objective -- 3 Procedures for Planning and Monitoring Grazing Management -- 4 Arrangements for Grazing Activity Monitoring -- 5 Forms of Public Finance to Leverage Private Investment -- 6 Assessment of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Readiness by Key Element -- Boxes -- 1 Outline of the National Livestock Program -- 2 Description of National Livestock Program Activity Types Analyzed -- 3 Examples of Direct and Facilitating Finance for Agriculture in Mongolia -- 4 Management Structures in Mongolia's National Livestock Program -- 5 Current Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification Arrangements in the National Livestock Program -- 6 Summary of Relevant Development Strategies.