Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS -- Markers of Exposure -- Markers of Effect -- Markers of Susceptibility -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM ANIMALS TO HUMANS -- MARKERS OF EXPOSURE -- MARKERS OF PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS IN INTACT ORGANISMS -- MARKERS OF ALTERED STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION -- MARKERS OF INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNE RESPONSE -- MARKERS OF CELLULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Exposure Dosimetry -- Physiologic Measurements -- Structural and Functional Measurements -- Cellular and Biochemical Measurements -- 1 Introduction -- TYPES OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS -- Markers of Exposure -- Markers of Effect -- Markers of Susceptibility -- VALIDATION OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS -- USE OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 2 Markers of Exposure -- DEPOSITION OF INHALED MATERIAL IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- Particles -- Gases -- CLEARANCE OF INHALED MATERIAL FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- Insoluble Particles -- Gases and Soluble Particles -- MONITORING FOR INHALED MATERIAL -- Insoluble Particles -- Respiratory Tract Fluids -- Exhaled Air -- Blood -- Urine -- Adipose Tissue -- DNA and Protein Adducts -- MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF EXPOSURE -- CLINICAL TECHNIQUES FOR GATHERING DATA -- Questionnaire -- Lung Sounds -- Respiratory Function -- Imaging -- SUMMARY -- 3 Markers of Physiologic Effects in Intact Organisms -- RESPIRATORY FUNCTION -- Spirometry -- Mechanical Properties of the Lung -- Dynamic Lung Mechanics -- Respiratory System Impedance (Oscillation Mechanics) -- Static-Quasistatic Lung Pressure-Volume Analysis -- Intrapulmonary Gas and Particle Distribution -- Gas Distribution Properties-Single-Breath Gas Washout -- Inhaled-Particle Distribution -- Alveolar-Capillary Gas Transfer -- Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide.

Gas Exchange During Exercise -- AIRWAY HYPERREACTIVITY -- Methods of Assessment -- Distribution of Airway Hyperreactivity in the Population -- Airway Hyperreactivity as a Marker -- CLEARANCE OF PARTICLES FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- Local Mucus Velocity -- Whole-Lung Clearance -- INJURY TO AIR-BLOOD BARRIER -- Conducting-Airway Permeability -- Epithelial Ion Transport -- Molecular Tracer Procedures -- Alveolar Epithelial Barrier -- Vascular Injury -- Chemically Induced Injury to Endothelium -- Loss of Endothelial Barrier Function -- Nonbarrier Properties of Endothelium -- Metabolic Activity of Endothelium -- SUMMARY -- 4 Markers of Altered Structure or Function -- WHOLE LUNG -- AIRWAYS -- PARENCHYMA -- Morphometric Markers of Injury from Exposure to Inhaled Agents -- PULMONARY VASCULATURE -- IN VIVO OBSERVATIONS OF PULMONARY VASCULATURE -- Gross Examination of Pulmonary Vasculature -- Light Microscopic Examination of Pulmonary Arteries -- Electron Microscopic Examination of Pulmonary Arteries -- Future Directions -- 5 Markers of Inflammatory and Immune Response -- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO INHALED TOXINS -- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO MICROBIAL INFECTIONS -- IMMUNE RESPONSE -- Acquired Local Immune Response -- Acquired Antigen-Specific Immune Response -- In Vivo Challenge -- Skin Testing -- Nasal Challenge -- Intrabronchial Challenge -- In Vitro Challenge -- 6 Markers of Cellular and Biochemical Response -- SOURCES OF RESPIRATORY TRACT MARKERS -- Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Humans -- Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Animals -- Bronchial Lavage -- Nasal Lavage -- POTENTIAL MARKERS IN RESPIRATORY TRACT FLUIDS -- Cellular Content -- Macrophages -- Neutrophils -- Lymphocytes -- Eosinophils -- Mast Cells -- Acellular Content -- Antioxidants -- Arachidonic Acid Metabolites -- Complement -- Growth Factors and Monokines -- Oxygen Radicals -- Enzymes.

Protein and Protein Products -- MOLECULAR MARKERS -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- DOSIMETRY -- PHYSIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS -- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- CELLULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE -- References -- Biographies -- Index.