Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE BIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAIN, STRESS, AND DISTRESS -- DEFINITIONS -- STRESSORS -- DISTRESS MODELS -- DISTRESS NOT INDUCED BY PAIN -- DISTRESS INDUCED BY PAIN -- 2 The Basis of Pain -- PERIPHERAL MECHANISMS OF NOCICEPTION -- MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION AND PAIN -- DORSAL HORN NOCICEPTIVE MECHANISMS -- THALAMOCORTICAL MECHANISMS -- DESCENDING CONTROL MECHANISMS -- 3 The Basis of Stress and Distress Not Induced by Pain -- INTRODUCTION -- ECOLOGY AND THE CAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT -- RELATIONSHIPS WITH CONSPECIFICS -- Social Space -- Crowding -- Deprivation -- Positive Social Stimulation -- PREDATOR-PREY AND DEFENSIVE RELATIONSHIPS -- SHELTER -- SPATIAL ARCHITECTURE -- FEEDING AND FORAGING -- Adaptability -- Response to Novel Foods -- Need for Variety -- Free Choice -- Food Wastage -- Transition from Milk to Solid Foods -- Food Searching -- Predictability of Feeding Times -- ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS -- RESEARCH APPROACHES -- 4 Recognition and Assessment of Pain, Stress, and Distress -- RECOGNITION AND ASSESSMENT OF PAIN -- CLINICAL APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF PAIN -- Assessing Vocalizations -- Responses to Handling -- Acute Pain -- Chronic Pain -- Classification of Procedures Likely to Cause Pain -- SPECIES-TYPICAL SIGNS -- Similarities and Differences in Signs Among Humans and Animals -- Nonhuman Primates -- Dogs -- Cats -- Rabbits -- Laboratory Rodents -- Horses -- Cattle -- Sheep and Goats -- Pigs -- Birds -- Reptiles -- Fish -- RECOGNITION AND ASSESSMENT OF STRESS AND DISTRESS -- DIAGNOSIS OF STRESS AND DISTRESS -- Assessing an Animal's Records -- Assessing the Environment -- Stress and Distress Caused by Lack of Environmental Stimuli -- Assessing a Species and an Individual Animal.

Assessing Behavior -- PHYSIOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF PAIN AND STRESS -- PHARMACOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF DISTRESS -- 5 Control of Pain -- PHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF PAIN -- GENERAL ANESTHESIA -- Inhalational Anesthesia -- Intravenous Anesthesia -- BARBITURATES -- Common Examples -- Clinical Use -- Pharmacologic Effects -- Dose Recommendations (Table 5-3) -- DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETICS-CYCLOHEXAMINES -- Common Example -- Clinical Use -- Pharmacologic Effects -- Dose Recommendations (Tables 5-4 and 5-5) -- NEUROLEPTANALGESICS -- Common Example -- Clinical Use -- Pharmacologic Effects -- Dose Recommendations (Table 5-6) -- OPIOID AGONISTS, AGONIST-ANTAGONISTS, AND ANTAGONISTS -- Common Examples -- Clinical Use -- Pharmacologic Effects -- Dose Recommendations (Table 5-7) -- NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS -- Common Examples -- Clinical Use -- Pharmacologic Effects -- Dose Recommendations (Table 5-9) -- SPECIAL ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS -- a-Chloralose -- Urethane -- Use of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants -- Control of Pain in Nonmammalian Species -- Neonatal and Fetal Surgery -- NONPHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF PAIN -- HYPOTHERMIA -- TONIC IMMOBILITY -- ACUPUNCTURE -- 6 Control of Stress and Distress -- PHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF STRESS AND DISTRESS -- PHENOTHIAZINES -- Common Examples -- Clinical Use -- Pharmacologic Effects -- Dose Recommendations (Table 6-1) -- BUTYROPHENONES -- Common Examples -- Clinical Use -- Pharmacologic Effect -- Dose Recommendations -- BENZODIAZEPINES -- Common Examples -- Clinical Use -- Pharmacologic Effects -- Dose Recommendations -- a2-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS -- Common Examples -- Clinical Uses -- Pharmacologic Effects -- Dose Recommendations (Tables 5-4, 5-5, and 6-2) -- NONPHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF STRESS AND DISTRESS -- HUSBANDRY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -- Relationships with Conspecifics -- Predator-Prey Relationships -- Shelter.

Spatial Architecture (Volume, Structure, and Topography) -- Feeding and Foraging Patterns -- Environmental Events -- SOCIALIZATION AND HANDLING -- ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT -- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN -- 7 Euthanasia -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS -- EUTHANASIA AS AN OPTION FOR ALLEVIATION OF PAIN -- WHEN TO PERFORM EUTHANASIA -- AESTHETICS OF EUTHANASIA: TRAINING, SKILL, AND EMOTIONAL IMPACT ON PEOPLE -- RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS -- AVOIDING FEAR IN OTHER ANIMALS -- ADJUNCTS TO EUTHANASIA -- VERIFICATION OF DEATH -- SELECTION OF EUTHANATIZING AGENTS AND METHODS -- Inhalational Agents -- Carbon Dioxide -- Consideration of Behavior -- PHYSICAL METHODS -- Stunning -- Cervical Dislocation -- Decapitation -- Gunshot -- Microwave Irradiation -- Double Pithing -- Rapid Freezing -- Exsanguination -- NONINHALATIONAL PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS -- Barbituric Acid Derivatives -- T-61 -- Other Drugs -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ANIMALS -- DOGS AND CATS -- FERRETS -- RABBITS -- LABORATORY RODENTS -- NONHUMAN PRIMATES -- BIRDS -- AMPHIBIANS, FISH, AND REPTILES -- References -- Index.