Alternative Technologies for the Destruction of Chemical Agents and Munitions -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- REQUIREMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS -- CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATIVE DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES -- Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Detoxification -- Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Oxidation -- Moderate-Temperature, High-Pressure Oxidation -- High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Pyrolysis -- High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Oxidation -- WASTE STREAM HANDLING -- Gas Effluents -- Treated Metal Parts and Containers -- Salts -- Liquid Wastes -- STRATEGIES AND SYSTEM IMPLICATIONS FOR DEMILITARIZATION -- Afterburners -- GENERAL OBSERVATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- THE U.S. CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL PROGRAM -- RISK AND COMMUNITY CONCERNS -- ALTERNATIVE DEMILITARIZATION SYSTEMS -- TRANSPORTATION OF UNTREATED WEAPONS AND AGENTS -- PRIMARY GOALS AND STRATEGIES FOR DEMILITARIZATION -- SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY -- 2 The U.S. Chemical Weapons Stockpile -- DESCRIPTION OF THE AGENTS -- Toxicity of the Agents -- DESCRIPTION OF THE MUNITIONS -- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE STOCKPILE -- SUMMARY -- 3 U.S. and Foreign Experience with Chemical Weapons Destruction -- U.S. CHEMICAL DEMILITARIZATION EXPERIENCE -- CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT DESTRUCTION IN OTHER COUNTRIES -- SUMMARY -- 4 Requirements and Considerations for Chemical Demilitarization Technologies -- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AGENTS AND THEIR BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS -- WASTE STREAMS IN CHEMICAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION -- PROCESSING RATES -- PERFORMANCE STANDARDS -- Worker Standards -- Air Quality Standards -- Liquid Wastes -- Solid Wastes -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ASSESSING UNTESTED ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES -- Decontamination Standards -- Chlorinated Dioxins -- MONITORING -- EFFLUENT RETENTION TIME REQUIREMENTS.

TIME REQUIRED FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION -- TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION COSTS -- ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES -- 5 Thermal Treatment and Preprocessing and Postprocessing Operations -- PREPROCESSING OPERATIONS -- Cryoprocessing -- Mechanical Disassembly of Explosives, Propellants, and Solidified Agent -- THERMAL TREATMENT -- POSTPROCESSING OPERATIONS -- Solid Wastes -- Control of Nitrogen Oxides -- Water Recycle -- Reduction of Waste Gas Volume -- Waste Gas Storage Requirement -- Storage and Retention Technologies -- Activated-Carbon (Charcoal) Adsorption Systems -- 6 Low-Temperature, Liquid-Phase Processes -- CHEMICAL DETOXIFICATION PROCESSES -- GB (Sarin) -- VX -- H (Mustard) -- Reduction Methods Conceivably Applicable to GB, VX, and H -- DETOXIFICATION WITH IONIZING RADIATION -- LOW-TEMPERATURE AND LOW-PRESSURE OXIDATION PROCESSES -- Chemical Oxidation -- Electrochemical Oxidation -- Oxidizing Agents Plus UV Light -- BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES -- Introduction and Overview -- Direct Destruction of GB and VX -- BIODEGRADATION OF REACTION PRODUCTS FROM THE CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF GB AND VX -- Chemical Hydrolysis and Bioremediation of Mustard -- Bioremediation of Explosives and Energetics -- Engineering Prospects -- Summary of the Potential Application of Biological Processes -- 7 Processes at Medium and High Temperatures -- MODERATE-TEMPERATURE, HIGH-PRESSURE PROCESSES -- Wet Air Oxidation -- Supercritical Water Oxidation -- HIGH-TEMPERATURE, LOW-PRESSURE PYROLYSIS -- Molten Metal Pyrolysis -- Plasma Arc Processes -- Gasification Processes -- Synthetica Detoxifier -- HIGH-TEMPERATURE, LOW-PRESSURE OXIDATION -- Catalytic Fluidized-Bed Oxidation -- Molten Salt Oxidation -- Catalytic Oxidation -- OTHER PROCESSES -- Hydrogenation Processes -- The Adams Process-Reaction with Sulfur.

8 Application of Alternative Technologies to the Destruction of the U.S. Chemical Weapons Stockpile -- DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES -- Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Detoxification -- Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Oxidation -- Moderate-Temperature, High-Pressure Oxidation -- High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Pyrolysis -- High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Oxidation -- WASTE STREAM HANDLING PROCESSES -- Solid Waste -- Gas Waste Streams -- Liquid Wastes -- GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND SYSTEMS FOR CHEMICAL DEMILITARIZATION -- Program Goals -- Strategies for Disposal -- System Considerations -- GENERAL OBSERVATIONS -- A Statement of Task -- B Letter from James R. Ambrose, Dated October 21, 1987 -- C Letter from Charles Baronian, Dated August 7, 1992 -- ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTAL COST AND SCHEDULE ESTIMATES -- 1. Purpose -- 2. Discussion -- 3. Assumptions -- 4. Schedule -- 5. Cost Discussion -- 5. Program Costs -- 5. Summary -- CASE 1 IMPLEMENT AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY -- CASE 2 PROCEED WITH BASELINE TECHNOLOGY AFTER DELAY FOR ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW -- D Biographical Sketches -- E Technology Developers That Supplied Information -- F Committee Meetings and Activities -- COMMITTEE MEMBERS -- GUEST SPEAKERS -- OBSERVERS -- INVITED OBSERVERS WHO WERE UNABLE TO ATTEND -- G Technology Status Worksheet -- H Excerpt from the U.S. Army's 5X Decontamination Review -- ENCLOSURE 1: REFERENCE LIST -- I IONIZING RADIATION -- TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION -- DEVELOPMENT STATUS -- APPLICATIONS TO CHEMICAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION -- BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTE STREAMS -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- DEVELOPMENT NEEDS -- J Electrochemical Oxidation -- TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION -- STATUS AND DATABASE -- APPLICATION TO CHEMICAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS -- BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTE STREAMS -- DEVELOPMENT NEEDS.

K Additional Data and Material Balances for Wet Air Oxidation, Supercritical Water Oxidation, and the Synthetica Detoxifier -- WET AIR OXIDATION -- SUPERCRITICAL WATER OXIDATION -- Process Material Balance -- SYNTHETICA DETOXIFIER -- Heat and Material Balances -- References and Bibliography -- Index.