Designing Foods -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CHANGES IN POLICY -- The Grading System -- Labeling and Standards of Identity -- Information and Consumer Education -- Research and Development -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- Preharvest Technology -- Postharvest Technology -- REFERENCES -- 1 Data Sources, Key Nutrients, and Selection of Targets for Change -- SOURCES OF DATA AND THEIR LIMITATIONS -- Food Supply Data (1965-1985) -- Federal Surveys -- Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978) -- Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (1985) -- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey -- Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control -- Other Data Sources -- Limitations of the Data Bases -- IDENTIFICATION OF KEY FOOD COMPONENTS -- TARGET LEVELS FOR CALORIC INTAKE AND SELECTED NUTRIENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Current Trends in Consumption of Animal Products -- NUTRIENTS IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR BIOAVAILABILITY -- Calories -- Protein -- Fat, Saturated Fatty Acids, and Cholesterol -- Vitamins -- Minerals -- Iron -- Calcium -- TRENDS IN INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES -- Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish -- Food Supply Data (1965-1985) -- Dietary Survey Data -- National Live Stock & Meat Board Study -- Milk, Milk Products, and Eggs -- Food Supply Data (1965-1985) -- Dietary Survey Data -- Fats and Oils -- Food Supply Data (1965-1985) -- Dietary Survey Data -- Special Studies -- Household Refuse Analysis Project -- St. Joseph's University/American Meat Institute Study -- National Live Stock & Meat Board Study -- REFERENCES -- 3 Target Levels and Current Dietary Patterns -- CALORIES -- Dietary Survey Data -- Summary -- TOTAL FAT AS PERCENTAGE OF CALORIES -- Influence of Dietary Fats on Serum Lipid Levels -- Dietary Fat and Cancer -- Dietary Guidelines for Total Fat Intake.

Dietary Survey Data -- Summary -- SATURATED, MONOUNSATURATED, AND POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AS PERCENTAGE OF CALORIES -- Saturated Fatty Acids: Influence on Serum Lipid Levels -- Dietary Guidelines for Fatty Acid Intake -- Dietary Survey Data -- Summary -- CHOLESTEROL -- Dietary Guidelines for Cholesterol Intake -- Dietary Survey Data -- Summary -- CALCIUM -- Dietary Guidelines -- Dietary Survey Data -- Summary -- IRON -- Definition and Prevalence of Iron-Deficiency Anemia -- Dietary Guidelines for Iron Intake -- Dietary Survey Data -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- 4 Consumer Concerns and Animal Product Options -- CHANGING CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND INDUSTRY RESPONSES -- General Trends -- Consumer Behavior Away from Home -- Response by Restaurateurs -- Consumer Behavior in Grocery Stores and Supermarkets -- Response by Supermarkets -- Consumer Behavior at Home -- OPTIONS IN THE MARKETPLACE -- Milk and Milk Products -- Traditional Versus Modified Products -- Traditional Versus the Newest Formulations -- Fresh Beef -- Options Between Grades -- Options Between Cuts -- Pork -- Grading System for Pork -- Changes from 1963 to 1983 -- Pork Quality Standards -- Summary -- Lamb and Veal -- Lamb -- Veal -- Convenience Meats -- Poultry -- Chicken -- Turkey -- Duck -- Fish, Shellfish, and Seafood -- Steamed or Canned Fish Versus Fried Fish -- Canned with Oil Versus Water or Brine -- Mixtures -- USING ANIMAL PRODUCT OPTIONS TO MEET TARGET LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS IN THE DIET -- Adult Women, Ages 23-50 -- Adult Men, Ages 51 or Older -- REFERENCES -- 5 Policies Affecting the Marketplace -- PRODUCTION POLICIES -- GRADES -- Renaming the Good Grade -- Trimming Fat on the Slaughter Floor -- Options to the Present System -- LABELING AND STANDARDS OF IDENTITY -- Cholesterol Labeling -- Controlling Use of the Terms Natural and Lite -- Standards of Identity.

POINT-OF-PURCHASE INFORMATION -- SOURCES OF DATA -- Serving Sizes -- Advertising and Promotion -- GOVERNMENT'S ROLE IN NUTRITION EDUCATION -- INTEGRATED RESEARCH AND EDUCATION PROGRAMS -- REGULATIONS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Production Policies -- Grades -- Labeling and Standards of Identity -- Point-of-Purchase Information -- Sources of Data -- Advertising and Promotion -- Government's Role in Nutrition Education -- Integrated Research and Education Programs -- Regulations and Biotechnology. -- REFERENCES -- 6 Existing Technological Options and Future Research Needs -- THE NEED TO MODIFY THE NUTRITIONAL ATTRIBUTES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS -- CURRENT STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT -- ASSESSING CURRENT AND FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES -- TARGET LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS AND RELATED RESEARCH PRIORITIES -- Determining the Level of Fat in Live Animals and Carcasses -- Survey of Methods -- Influencing the Level of Fat in the Growing Animal -- Cattle -- Swine -- Poultry -- Milk -- Altering the Level of Fat in Animal Products -- Processed Beef, Lamb, and Pork -- Poultry -- Dairy Products -- Methods of Altering Cholesterol Levels in Animal Products -- Milk -- Eggs -- Poultry, Beef, Veal, Pork, and Lamb -- Methods To Alter Sodium Levels in Animal Products -- Meat Products -- Poultry Products -- Milk -- Methods To Alter Calcium Levels in Animal Products -- Milk -- Eggs and Poultry -- Methods To Alter Iron Levels in Animal Products -- Milk -- Eggs and Poultry -- Beef, Veal, Pork, and Lamb -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Preharvest Technology -- Post-Harvest Technology -- REFERENCES -- Appendix -- HORMONAL REGULATION OF GROWTH -- The Influence of GH on Growth -- Effects of Chicken GH on Body Weight Gain in Chickens -- Effects of Human Pancreatic GRF and TRH on Body Weight Gain in Chickens -- Somatomedin-C -- Growth Hormone Receptor -- Gene Insertion.

Conclusions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- MUSCLE CELL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT -- Muscle Cell Structure and Composition -- Muscle Fiber Development -- Prenatal Development -- Postnatal Development -- Muscle Fiber Protein Metabolism -- Strategies for Regulating Muscle Development and Growth in Meat-Producing Animals -- Conclusions -- References -- THE ROLE OF GROWTH HORMONE IN FAT MOBILIZATION -- References -- THE USE OF BIOASSAYS TO DETECT AND ISOLATE PROTEIN OR PEPTIDE FACTORS REGULATING MUSCLE GROWTH IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS -- Peptide Factors Affecting Muscle Growth -- Somatotropin -- Insulin-Like Growth Factors (Somatomedins) -- Insulin -- Differentiation Inhibitor -- Transferrin -- Fibroblast Growth Factor -- Paracrine and Autocrine Control of Muscle Growth -- Bioassays for Factors Influencing Muscle Growth -- Effect of Porcine Growth Hormone on Bioactivity and Igf-I Concentration in Swine Serum -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- References -- EFFECTS OF BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS ON GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS -- What are Beta-Agonists? -- Effects of Beta-Agonists on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics -- Effects of Beta-Agonists on Lipid Metabolism -- Effects of Beta-Agonists on Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism -- Separation of Lipid and Protein Effects of Beta-Agonists -- EFFECTS OF BETA-AGONISTS ON PLASMA HORMONES -- Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- ANABOLIC EFFECTS OF PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN ON PIG GROWTH -- Prospects for Increasing Growth Performance -- References -- IMMUNIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE AGAINST SOMATOSTATIN -- Methods and Results -- Passive Immunization Against Somatostatin -- Active Immunization Against Somatostatin -- Hormonal Responses -- Growth Responses -- Composition of Growth -- Somatostatin Effects at the Gastrointestinal Tract.

Somatostatin Effects on Other Hormones -- Conclusions -- References -- LACTATION BIOLOGY AND METHODS OF INCREASING EFFICIENCY -- Mammary Anatomy -- Initiation of Lactation (Lactogenesis) -- Control of Prolactin Production -- Maintenance of Lactation (Galactopoiesis) -- Milk Ejection -- Mammary Involution -- Milk Secretion Rate -- Factors Affecting the Yield and Composition of Milk -- Biochemistry of Milk Secretion -- Milk Protein Synthesis -- Milk Fat Synthesis -- Lactose, Minerals, and Vitamins -- Effects of Hormones on Milk Secretion and Mammary Development -- Milk Secretion -- Effects of Somatotropin on Mammary Growth -- Genetically Superior Cows and Bsth-Treated Cows -- Alternate Methods for Increasing the Efficiency of Lactation -- Optimizing Milk Removal -- Growth Factors and Other Biological Compounds -- Hormone Receptors -- Controlling Involution -- Controlling the Environment -- Genetic Selection -- Summary -- References -- FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPOSITION OF MILK FROM DAIRY COWS -- Lipids -- Biosynthesis -- Factors Affecting Milk Fat Content -- Breed/Genetics -- Environment/Management -- Health/Physiology -- Nutrition -- Protein -- Biosynthesis -- Factors Affecting Milk Protein Content -- Breed/Genetics -- Environment/Management -- Health/Physiology -- Nutrition -- Carbohydrates -- Biosynthesis -- Minerals -- Factors Affecting Milk Mineral Content -- Breed/Genetics -- Environment/Management -- Health/Physiology -- Nutrition -- Other Milk Solubles -- Manipulating Milk Constituents-Summary and Conclusions -- References -- METHODOLOGIES FOR MEASURING BODY COMPOSITION IN HUMANS -- Whole-Body Measurements -- Fat-Soluble Gases -- Body Compartmentalization into Two Components -- Determination of Fat by Densitometry -- Determination of FFm by Hydrometry -- Determination of Fat from Potassium -- Total Body Electrical Conductivity and Impedance.

Multicompartmentalization of the Body.