AGING In Today's Environment -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- AGING AND NUTRITION -- AGING AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE -- AGING, DISEASE, PHARMACEUTICAL USE, AND CHEMICAL RESPONSE -- AGING AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -- MODEL SYSTEMS FOR RESEARCH -- CONCLUSIONS -- 1 Aging and Environmental Exposure -- BASIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 2 The Aging Population and the Psychosocial Implications of Aging -- DEMOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS OF AN AGING POPULATION -- PSYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT -- 3 Principles of Gerontology -- CONCEPTUAL CONTEXT OF GERONTOLOGY -- THEORIES OF AGING -- Deterministic Theories -- Developmental Switches in Gene Expression -- Neuroendocrine-Cascade Theories -- Stochastic Theories -- Intrinsic Mutagenesis Theory -- Protein-Synthesis Error Catastrophe -- Free Radicals -- Posttranslational Glycation of Proteins and DNA -- Thymic Involution as a Pacemaker of Immunosenescence -- BIOMARKERS OF AGE OR AGING -- ALTERED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE AGED -- 4 Principles of Toxicology in the Context of Aging -- CHEMICAL FATE AND EFFECT -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism and Elimination -- MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY AT THE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND TISSUE LEVEL -- Molecular Action -- Cellular Effects -- Effects at the Tissue Level -- PHARMACOGENETICS -- BIOLOGIC MARKERS -- TOXICITY TESTING -- 5 Characteristics of the Environment, Aging, and the Aged -- NUTRITION -- Effects of Nutrition on Toxicity -- Nutrition and Cancer -- Nutrition and Aging -- Background and Criteria for Evaluating Aging -- Food Restriction -- Dietary Protein Intake -- Dietary Fat Intake -- Dietary Carbohydrate Intake -- Dietary Vitamin Intake -- Dietary Mineral Intake -- Special Dietary Requirements of the Aged -- PHARMACEUTICALS -- Demographic Considerations -- Patterns of Drug Use and Drug Prescribing.

Ambulatory Populations -- Hospital Populations -- Long-Term-Care Facilities -- Medication Compliance in the Elderly -- Adverse Drug Reactions -- LIFE-STYLE -- Deliberate Chemical Exposure -- Learned Helplessness -- Atrophy of Disuse -- Indoor Pollutants -- Temperature -- Radon -- Formaldehyde -- Combustion Products -- Asbestos -- Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- Pesticides -- 6 Environmental Effects on Age-Associated Diseases and Changes in Organ Function -- DEMOGRAPHICS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES -- SKIN -- VISION -- Cataracts -- Glaucoma -- Diabetic Retinopathy -- Aging-Related Macular Degeneration -- HEARING -- NERVOUS SYSTEM -- Changes Associated with Aging -- Induced Disorders and Diseases -- Neurotoxicants -- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM -- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM -- RENAL SYSTEM -- IMMUNE SYSTEM -- SEXUALITY -- ROLE OF ENVIRONMENT IN BONE METABOLISM AND VITAMIN D NUTRITION -- 7 Model Systems for the Evaluation of Toxic Agents Affecting Aging or Age-Related Diseases -- CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING AND DESIGNING MODEL SYSTEMS -- EXAMPLES OF MODEL SYSTEMS -- In Vitro Models -- Nonmammalian Animal [Models -- Mammalian Models -- Epidemiologic Models -- LIFE-SPAN MODULATION BY DRUG TREATMENT -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- RESEARCH -- EDUCATION -- FUNDING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Appendix Resources for Studying Aging -- INVERTEBRATES -- CELL CULTURES -- EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS -- RODENTS -- Inbred Strains -- Outbred Strains -- NONHUMAN PRIMATES -- Committee Biographies.