Drinking Water and Health Volume 3 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- REFERENCES -- I Executive Summary -- EPIDEMIOLOGY -- RISK ESTIMATION -- TOXICOLOGY -- NUTRITION -- REFERENCE -- II Epidemiological Studies -- CANCER FREQUENCY AND CERTAIN ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF DRINKING WATER -- Summary and Conclusions -- STUDIES BASED ON INDIRECT MEASURES OF WATER QUALITY -- Mississippi River-Louisiana, First Study -- Mississippi River-Louisiana, Second Study -- Ohio River Area, First Study -- Ohio River Area, Second Study -- Upstate New York -- Washington County, Maryland -- Los Angeles County -- Ohio River, Third Study -- Pittsburgh Study -- New Jersey Study -- Summary -- STUDIES BASED ON TRIHALOMETHANE CONCENTRATIONS -- Prospects for Further Epidemiological Study -- References -- WATER HARDNESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE -- The Present Status of Knowledge -- Recommendations for Alteration of Current Practices -- Recommendations for Future Research Priorities -- References -- III Problems of Risk Estimation -- ACUTE EXPOSURE -- QUANTITATIVE EXTRAPOLATION OF TOXICITY FROM LABORATORY ANIMALS TO HUMANS -- CHRONIC EXPOSURE -- Acceptable Daily Intake -- MODELS FOR LOW DOSE CARCINOGENIC RISK ESTIMATION -- Dichotomous Response Models -- Linear, No-Threshold Model -- Tolerance Distribution Models -- Logistic Models -- ''Hitness" Models -- Models of Time to Tumor Occurrence -- PHARMACOKINETIC CONSIDERATIONS -- Dose Effects -- Species Considerations -- INTERACTION IN RISK ESTIMATION -- Theoretical Models for the Joint Actions of Two or More Agents -- Epidemiological Risk Assessment -- Reliability of Quantitative Risk Estimates -- CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- IV Toxicity of Selected Drinking Water Contaminants -- CHEMICALS EVALUATED -- ACUTE EXPOSURES -- CHRONIC EXPOSURES -- CHEMICALS SELECTED BY EPA -- Acrylonitrile -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects.

Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Antimony -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Benzene -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Benzene Hexachloride and Lindane -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Bis(2-Chloroethyl)ether -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Bis(2-Chloropropyl)ether -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Cadmium -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Carbon Tetrachloride -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Ethylene Dibromide (1,2-Dibromoethane) -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Dichlorodifluoromethane -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- 1,2-Dichloroethane -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Epichlorohydrin -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Methylene Chloride -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Tetrachloroethylene -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Thorium -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species.

Conclusions and Recommendations -- 1,1,1-Trichloroethane -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Trichloroethylene -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Trichlorofluoromethane -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Toluene -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Uranium -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Xylenes -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- CHEMICALS SELECTED BY THE CHEMISTRY SUBCOMMITTEE -- Bromine/Bromide/Bromate -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Bromodichloromethane -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Bromoform -- Health Aspects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Catechol -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite, Chlorate, Chloramines -- Chlorine Dioxide -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Chlorite -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Chlorate -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Chloramines -- Health Aspects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Chloramino Acids -- Health Aspects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Recommendations -- Chloroform -- Health Aspects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Dibromochloromethane -- Health Aspects.

Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- 2,4-Dichlorophenol -- Health Aspects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Glyoxylic Acid, Glyoxal, and Methyl Glyoxal -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Hexachlorobenzene -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Iodine/Iodide/Iodate -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Nonanal -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Octanal -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Resorcinol -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- V The Contribution of Drinking Water to Mineral Nutrition in Humans -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF MINERAL INTAKE FROM WATER -- CALCIUM -- Presence in Food and Water -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Deficiency -- Toxicity -- Interactions -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Calcium Nutrition -- Conclusions -- MAGNESIUM -- Presence in Food and Water -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Deficiency -- Toxicity -- Interactions -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Magnesium Nutrition -- Conclusions -- PHOSPHORUS -- Presence in Food and Water -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Deficiency -- Toxicity -- Interactions -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Phosphorus Nutrition -- Conclusions -- FLUORIDE -- Presence in Food and Water -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Deficiency -- Toxicity -- Interactions -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Fluoride Nutrition -- Recommendations and Conclusions -- SODIUM.

Presence in Food and Water -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Acute Toxicity -- Chronic Toxicity -- Deficiency -- Interactions -- Contribution of Water to Sodium Nutrition -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- POTASSIUM -- Presence in Food and Water -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Deficiency -- Toxicity -- Interactions -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Potassium Nutrition -- Conclusions -- Research Recommendation -- CHLORIDE -- Presence in Food and Water -- Distribution in Tissues -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Imbalance and Depletion -- Toxicity -- Effects of Chloride Loading -- Interactions -- Contribution of Water to Chloride Nutrition -- Conclusions -- Research Recommendations -- IODINE -- Presence in Food and Water -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Interactions -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Iodine Nutrition -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Iodine Requirements -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Total Intake -- Conclusions -- Research Recommendations -- IRON -- Presence in Food, Water, and Air -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Interactions -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Iron Nutrition -- Conclusions -- Research Recommendations -- COPPER -- Occurrence of Copper in Food and Water -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Interactions and Bioavailability -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Copper Nutrition -- Conclusions -- Research Recommendations -- ZINC -- Presence in Food, Water, and Air -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Interaction and Bioavailability -- Contribution of Drinking Water to Zinc Nutrition -- Conclusions -- Research Recommendation -- SELENIUM -- Presence in Food, Water, and Air -- Distribution in Tissues -- Requirements -- Toxicity Versus Essential Levels -- Interactions.

Bioavailability.