ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST MANAGEMENT -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- THE REGION -- THE DYNAMICS OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST LANDSCAPES -- THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS -- OLD-GROWTH FORESTS -- FOREST PRODUCTS SUBSTITUTION -- FOREST MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN COMMUNITIES -- FOREST MANAGEMENT FOR THE FUTURE -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 THE PROMISED LAND: THE LAND OF PROMISE -- INTRODUCTION -- Loss of the Frontier -- Changing Knowledge Base -- Changing Social Values -- THE STUDY AREA -- OTHER MAJOR STUDIES AND REPORTS -- THIS REPORT -- 2 THE REGION AND ITS FORESTS -- INTRODUCTION -- A BRIEF HISTORY -- DEMOGRAPHICS AND THE ECONOMY -- Population Growth -- Economic Implications of Population Growth -- THE REGION'S FORESTS -- Westside Forests -- Eastside Forests -- Northern Rocky Mountains -- REGIONAL OWNERSHIP PATTERNS -- SUMMARY -- 3 OLD-GROWTH FORESTS -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS VEGETATIVE SUCCESSION? -- WHAT IS AN OLD-GROWTH FOREST? -- Time Required for Old-Growth Development -- Old-Growth Landscapes -- Managed Forests and Old-Growth Characteristics -- Stand Size -- BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF OLD-GROWTH AND LATE-SUCCESSIONAL FORESTS -- Species Diversity -- Logs and Woody Debris -- Susceptibility to Disturbance -- AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS -- EXTENT AND STATUS OF OLD-GROWTH FORESTS -- SUMMARY -- 4 THE STATUS AND FUNCTIONING OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS -- INTRODUCTION -- FOREST CONDITION -- General Criteria of Condition -- The Role of Biological Diversity -- Resistance and Resilience -- Landscape Change and Threats to Biodiversity -- Diseases and Pests -- Incidence of Pest and Disease Outbreaks -- STATUS OF OTHER PLANT SPECIES -- STATUS OF WILDLIFE -- Salmon and Other Fisheries -- Invertebrates -- Fungi -- VIABLE POPULATIONS AND THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY -- Demographic Factors.

Genetic Factors -- Population Viability Analysis -- 5 FOREST SUCCESSION, FIRE, AND LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCEPTS OF SUCCESSION AND LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS -- FIRE AND LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS -- Presettlement Fire Regimes and Successional Change -- Human Alteration of Fire Regimes -- NATURAL DISTURBANCE AND HUMAN MANAGEMENT: AN ECOLOGICAL COMPARISON -- Landscape Considerations -- Fuels -- Nutrient Fluxes -- Biological Diversity -- 6 PRODUCTS FROM THE FORESTS -- PACIFIC NORTHWEST WOOD PRODUCTS IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY -- PRODUCTS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MARKETS -- EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FEDERAL TIMBER HARVESTS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST -- Increased Harvests at the Extensive Margin -- Increased Harvests at the Intensive Margin -- Increased Use of Hardwoods -- Technology Changes -- Materials Substitution -- ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -- IMPLICATIONS FOR OTHER REGIONS -- EFFECTS ON REGIONAL AND NATIONAL INCOME -- CHANGE AND INCENTIVES -- NONWOOD PRODUCTS FROM FORESTS -- Wildlife-Related Recreation -- Other Forest-Related Recreation -- Fisheries -- Mushrooms -- Water -- Effects of Changes in Management of Pacific Northwest Forests on Nonwood Products -- REGIONAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS -- SUMMARY -- 7 FOREST MANAGEMENT AND RURAL COMMUNITIES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST -- RURAL ECONOMIC WELL BEING AND NATURAL-RESOURCE INDUSTRIES -- TIMBER DEPENDENCY AND COMMUNITY WELL BEING -- DIVERSIFICATION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST -- IN-MIGRATION -- POVERTY AND PLENTY-ANGER AND HOPE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST -- SUMMARY -- 8 A FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- ELEMENTS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT -- Land Allocation -- Rationing Uses -- Harvesting -- Investment -- Examples of forest investment -- Positive and negative incentives to forest investment -- MEETING THE GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT.

A FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT -- Operational Goals -- Managing in Context and Across Scales of Space and Time -- APPROACHES TO MANAGING FOR DIVERSITY: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Reserves -- Logging to Improve Forest Health -- Management for Complexity and Diversity -- Variability and Change -- Uncertainty and Surprise -- Humans as Ecosystem Components -- Making Management Adaptable -- Resolving Conflicts -- 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- FORESTRY PRACTICES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST -- WHAT IS OLD-GROWTH? -- OLD-GROWTH MANAGEMENT -- FOREST PRODUCTS SUBSTITUTION -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- GLOSSARY.