Cover -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter One: Introduction -- 1.1. Background -- 1.1.1. Energy and sustainable development -- 1.1.2. Biomass energy use and related challenges in developing countries -- 1.1.3. Background and the energy situation in Ethiopia -- 1.1.4. Fuelwood scarcity, household energy use, and related welfare effects -- 1.1.5. The nexus of water, energy, and food -- 1.1.6. The bioeconomy concept -- 1.2. Research problem -- 1.3. Research objectives, questions and hypothesis -- 1.4. Conceptual and theoretical background -- 1.5. Organization of the study -- Chapter Two: Household bio-based energy utilization and energy mix behaviour, and related linkages with food security and welfare effects -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Study site characteristics -- 2.3. Agricultural Household Model, bio-based energy production and utilization, drivers and welfare effects -- 2.3.1. Conceptual framework -- 2.3.2. Relationships between poverty, rural household energy use, and environmental degradation in developing countries -- 2.3.3. Determinants of household bio-based energy use in developing countries -- 2.3.4. Theoretical framework of the Agricultural Household Model -- 2.3.5. Empirical econometric strategy -- 2.4. Description of the data and sampling technique -- 2.5. Descriptive statistics -- 2.6. Regression results and discussion -- 2.6.1. Probit model of household livelihood activity choices -- 2.6.2. Fuelwood scarcity, cross-wage effects, and their welfare implications -- 2.6.2.1. Household labour allocation by activities -- 2.6.2.2. Household joint labour allocation to livelihood activities -- 2.6.2.3. Household joint labour share allocation to livelihood activities.

2.6.2.4. Cross-wage effects and other determinants of household labour allocation and related empirical underpinnings -- 2.6.3. Effects of fuelwood scarcity on household energy and food expenditures, and related energy mix and welfare implications -- 2.6.3.1. Fuelwood scarcity and household food and energy expenditures -- 2.6.3.2. Fuelwood scarcity, energy purchase choice, and related determinants -- 2.6.3.3. Discussion of the welfare implications -- 2.6.4. Household bio-based energy utilization and welfare effects of fuelwood scarcity -- 2.7. Conclusion and recommendations -- Chapter Three: Energy sector model for assessing Ethiopia's future energy security, uncertainties, and renewable energy resource options -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Energy security indicators and measurability -- 3.3. Overview of Ethiopia's energy sector: energy resource potential and consumption -- 3.4. Ethiopia's energy resource diversity, energy mix, and energy security -- 3.5. Power production sources -- 3.6. Energy consumption -- 3.6.1. Electricity consumption -- 3.6.2. Biomass energy consumption trends -- 3.6.3. Energy consumption by sectors -- 3.7. Ethiopia's energy system: framework of existing energy use and prospective contributions of renewables to future energy security -- 3.8. Bioenergy demand and prospective development applications -- 3.8.1. Types of modern bio-based energy and their prospects for application in Ethiopia -- 3.8.2. Sustainability dimensions of bio-based energy -- 3.8.2.1. Political aspects -- 3.8.2.2. Economic aspects -- 3.8.2.3. Social aspects -- 3.8.2.4. Environmental impact -- 3.8.2.5. Role of technological innovation and efficiency -- 3.9. Review of the energy sector model -- 3.9.1. Top-down energy models -- 3.9.2. Bottom-up energy models -- 3.9.3. Hybrid energy models -- 3.10. Model choice and description.

3.11. Data and parameters used in the Ethiopia energy sector model -- 3.12. Description of alternative scenarios -- 3.13. Model validation -- 3.14. Model results and discussion -- 3.14.1. Electricity demand projection -- 3.14.2. Shadow price of peak electricity demand -- 3.14.3. Electricity production composition in the baseline model -- 3.14.4. Implications of technological and efficiency innovations on energy security -- 3.14.4.1. Effects of technological and efficiency innovations on Ethiopia's electricity production mix -- 3.14.4.2. Effects of technological and efficiency innovations on energy production cost -- 3.14.4.3. Effects of technological and efficiency innovations on shadow prices of energy resources -- 3.14.5. Energy security implications of climate change or drought -- 3.14.5.1. Effects of drought on Ethiopia's electricity production mix -- 3.14.5.2. Effects of drought on energy production costs -- 3.14.5.3. Energy source competitiveness: the Levelized cost of energy -- 3.14.6. Capital subsidies for alternative renewable energy technology development -- 3.14.7. Sensitivity analysis for fuel-switching effects on power capacity expansion -- 3.15. Discussion of the limitations of the model and policy implications -- 3.16. Conclusion and policy recommendations -- Chapter Four: Institutional arrangements, collective actions, and national strategy options for decentralised clean energy generation and use in remote communities of Ethiopia -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Energy access in rural Ethiopia -- 4.3. Technological and institutional issues -- 4.3.1. Decentralized renewable energy technologies -- 4.3.2. Institutions and collective action theories -- 4.4. Bottlenecks and barriers to rural renewable energy use.

4.5. Strategies and institutional arrangements for decentralized modern biomass energy use, participatory forest management, and climate change mitigation -- 4.5.1. Evolution of participatory forest management, energy, and climate change policies -- 4.5.2. Critical challenges and opportunities: climate change mitigation, agriculture, and biomass energy -- 4.6. Lessons from case studies on participatory forest management -- 4.7. Lessons for decentralized renewable energy investment -- 4.7.1. Insights from focus group discussions -- 4.7.2. Lessons from institutional biogas experiences -- 4.8. Supply and demand of decentralized bio-based energy and other renewable energy sources -- 4.8.1. Biomass supply -- 4.8.2. Energy end users or consumers -- 4.9. Legal framework, institutions, and the role of government -- 4.10. Conclusion and recommendations -- Chapter Five: Summary, conclusion and policy recommendations -- 5.1 Summary and conclusion -- 5.2. Future research needs -- References -- Appendices -- Annex 3.1. Technical annex of model constraints.