Ultrafast Lasers in Medicine -- Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography Using Femtosecond Lasers -- Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy -- Femtosecond Lasers in Ophthalmology: Surgery and Imaging -- Ultrafast Lasers in Biology -- Ultrafast Peptide and Protein Dynamics by Vibrational Spectroscopy -- Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting -- Primary Photosynthetic Energy Conversion in Bacterial Reaction Centers -- Ultrafast Primary Reactions in the Photosystems of Oxygen-Evolving Organisms -- Primary Photochemistry in the Photoactive Yellow Protein: The Prototype Xanthopsin -- Structure Based Kinetics by Time-Resolved X-ray Crystallography -- Primary Reactions in Retinal Proteins -- Ultrashort Laser Pulses in Single Molecule Spectroscopy.