Background Information -- Historical Summary of Cryogenic Activity Prior to 1950 -- Advances in Cryogenic Data Development over the Past 50 Years -- Sources of Cryogenic Data and Information -- Trends and Advances in Cryogenic Materials -- History and Applications of Nonmetallic Materials -- Improvement in Cryogenic Fundamentals over the Past 50 Years -- Advances in Cryogenic Principles -- Insulation Progress since the Mid-1950s -- Development of Low-Loss Storage of Cryogenic Liquids over the Past 50 Years -- Fifty-Years’ Development of Cryogenic Liquefaction Processes -- Advances in Helium Cryogenics -- Lessons Learned in 50 Years of Cryogenic Thermometry -- Cryogenic Applications Development Over the Past 50 Years -- Aerospace Coolers: A 50-Year Quest for Long-Life Cryogenic Cooling in Space -- Understanding Properties and Fabrication Processes of Superconducting Nb3Sn Wires -- High-Temperature Superconductors: A Review of YBa2Cu3O6+x and (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 -- A Paradigm Shift in Cryopreservation: Molecular-Based Advances to Improve Outcome.