General aspects of Complex Artificial Environments -- The Scope of Complex Artificial Environments -- Recognition of Natural and Artificial Environments by Computers: Commonalities and Differences -- Visualization in Spatial Modeling -- Transferring Concepts for Urban Modeling: Capture or Exchange? -- Specific experiences -- Design Issues to be Considered for Development of an Object-Oriented System for 3D Geovisualization: The Aalborg Experience -- Complex Artificial Environments — ESLab’s Experience -- Urban simulation models -- Geosimulation and its Application to Urban Growth Modeling -- Geographic Automata Systems and the OBEUS Software for Their Implementation -- The CityDev Project: An Interactive Multi-agent Urban Model on the Web -- Modeling Multi-scale Processes in a Cellular Automata Framework -- Cognition and VR -- Multi-Agent Models of Spatial Cognition, Learning and Complex Choice Behavior in Urban Environments -- Cognition and Decision in Multi-agent Modeling of Spatial Entities at Different Geographical Scales -- Cognitive Modeling of Urban Complexity -- Navigation in Electronic Environments -- Enhancing the Legibility of Virtual Cities by Means of Residents’ Urban Image: a Wayfinding Support System -- Small World Modeling for Complex Geographic Environments -- Planning -- Planning and Designing with People -- Planning Support Systems Evolving: When the Rubber Hits the Road.