Introduction: domestic voices of aspiring powers / Henry R. Nau -- China: the conflicted rising power / David Shambaugh and Ren Xiao -- India: foreign policy perspectives of an ambiguous power / Deepa Ollapally and Rajesh Rajapopalan -- Iran's post-revolution foreign policy puzzle / Farideh Farhi and Saideh Lotfian -- Hugging and hedging: Japanese grand strategy in the 21st century / Narushige Michishita and Richard J. Samuels -- Russia's contested national identity and foreign policy / Andrew Kutchins and Igor Zevelev -- Conclusion: realists, nationalists and globalists and the nature of contemporary rising powers / Deepa Ollapally and Nikola Mirilovic.