Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Section 1 Biological Basis of Childhood Cancer -- 1 Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer -- Cancer Surveillance and Descriptive Epidemiology -- Analytic Epidemiology -- Summary and Future Considerations -- 2 Heredity and Childhood Cancer -- Constitutional Chromosomal Abnormalities -- Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities -- Overgrowth Disorders and Imprinting Errors -- Autosomal Dominant Disorders -- Autosomal Recessive Disorders -- Issue in Genetic Testing for the Pediatric Oncology Patient -- 3 Molecular and Genetic Basis of Childhood Cancer -- General Nature of Cancer-Associated Genetic Aberrations -- Comprehensive Analysis of the Cancer Genome -- Germline Mutations -- Somatically Acquired Chromosomal Aberrations and Mutation -- Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements -- Oncogenic Consequences of Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements-General Themes -- Chromosomal Translocations Lead to Activation of Proto-Oncogenes and Generation of Oncogenic Fusion Genes -- Chromosomal Deletion Leads to Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes -- Gene Amplification -- Point Mutations Leading to Gene Activation or Inactivation -- Comprehensive Genomic Studies of Pediatric Tumors -- Mechanisms of Malignant Cell Transformation, Growth, and Clonal Expansion -- Outlook for Molecularly Targeted Therapies -- Summary -- 4 Biology of Childhood Cancer -- Gene Regulation -- Protein Regulation -- Signal Transduction -- Cell Proliferation -- Programmed Cell Death -- Cancer Metabolism -- Metastasis and the Tumor Microenvironment -- 5 Tumor Immunology of Childhood Cancer -- Overview of the Immune System -- Modern Concepts of Immune Surveillance -- T-Cell Recognition of Cancer -- Innate Immune Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment -- Immune Function in Cancer Patients -- Immunotherapy of Cancer -- Summary and Future Directions.

Section 2 Diagnosis and Evaluation of the Child with Cancer -- 6 Clinical Assessment and Differential Diagnosis of Suspected Childhood Cancer -- Children at Risk -- Time to Diagnosis -- Differential Diagnosis -- Establishing the Diagnosis -- Summary -- 7 Pathology and Molecular Diagnosis of Leukemias and Lymphomas -- Introduction -- Ancillary Studies -- Lymphoblastic Leukemia -- Myeloid Neoplasms -- Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms -- Histiocytic Disorders -- 8 Diagnostic Pathology of Pediatric Solid and Central Nervous System Malignancies -- Introduction -- Brief Pathologic Classification of Pediatric Solid Tumors -- Traditional Approaches to Childhood Solid Tumor Diagnosis -- Molecular Genetic Evaluation of Childhood Cancer -- Integrated Diagnostic Molecular Pathology of Pediatric Solid Tumors -- The Holistic Cancer Genome -- DNA -- RNA -- Emerging Technologies for Diagnosis -- The Future of Pediatric Cancer Diagnosis -- 9 Imaging Studies in the Diagnosis of Childhood Cancer -- Relative Merits of Available Imaging Procedures -- General Concepts of Pediatric Tumor Imaging -- Future Directions -- Section 3 Principles of Multimodal Therapy -- 10 General Principles of Chemotherapy -- Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy -- Clinical Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs -- Alkylating Agents -- Nonclassical Alkylating Agents -- Antimetabolites -- Purine Antimetabolites -- Pyrimidine Antimetabolites -- Topoisomerase Inhibitors -- Tubulin Inhibitors -- Miscellaneous Agents -- Small-Molecule Pathway Inhibitors -- Therapeutic Antibodies -- Perspectives -- 11 General Principles of Cellular Immunotherapy -- T Cells -- Natural Killer Cells -- γδ Thymus-Derived T Cells -- Invariant Natural Killer T Cells -- Strategies to Improve Adoptive Cellular Therapies -- Conclusions -- 12 General Principles of Targeted Therapy -- Introduction.

Basic Principles for the Clinical Development of Molecularly Targeted Agents -- Therapies Targeted to Apoptosis Pathways -- Targeting Extracellular Survival Signaling Pathways -- Targeting Development, Differentiation, and Other Intracellular Processes -- Targeting Angiogenesis -- Conclusions -- 13 General Principles of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Autologous Transplantation-High-Dose Chemotherapy with Hematopoietic Stem Cell (Hsc) Rescue -- Allogeneic Transplantation -- Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Preparative Regimens -- Transplantation for Leukemia -- Transplantation for Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) -- Transplantation for Solid Tumors -- Complications After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Late Effects After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Future Directions -- 14 General Principles of Radiation Oncology -- Biologic Basis of Radiation Therapy -- Physical Basis of Radiation Therapy -- Interactions of Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy -- Radiation Effects on Normal Tissues -- 15 General Principles of Surgery -- Preoperative Considerations for the Oncologist -- Perioperative Considerations for the Oncologist -- Minimally Invasive Surgery -- Section 4 Management of Common Cancers of Childhood -- 16 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia -- Epidemiology -- Genetic Risk Factors -- Environmental Risk Factors -- Pathogenesis -- Classification of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia -- Molecular Genomics of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia -- Pharmacogenetics -- Clinical Presentation -- Assessing Treatment Response -- Prognostic Factors -- Treatment -- Treatment of Relapse -- Late Effects of Treatment -- Future Challenges -- 17A Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes -- Historical Background and Definitions.

Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome -- Biologic Basis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome: From Normal Progenitors to Leukemia -- Methodologies for Classifying Myeloid Malignancies -- Defining Subtypes: Evolution of Diagnostic Classification of Myeloid Malignancies -- Clinical and Laboratory Presentation -- Prognostic Factors and Implications of Risk Group Stratification on Treatment -- Evolution of Risk Adapted Therapy -- Unique Aml Subtypes and Settings -- The Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia -- Survivorship -- 17B Myeloproliferative Neoplasms of Childhood -- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia -- Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia -- Polycythemia Vera and Essential Thrombocythemia -- 18 Hodgkin Lymphoma -- Biologic Considerations -- Epidemiology, Pathogenesis & -- Pathology -- Clinical Presentation -- Treatment and Outcome -- Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma -- Approach to Patients with Primary Refractory Disease or Relapse of Hodgkin Lymphoma -- Late Effects -- Future Considerations -- 19 Malignant Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas in Children -- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Overview -- NHL Cellular Classifications: Specific Biologic and Clinical Considerations -- Conclusions -- Management Summary -- 20 Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Malignancies Related to Immunodeficiencies -- Viral Pathogens and the Development of Malignancies -- Epstein-Barr Virus and Malignancies -- Human herpesvirus-8 and Malignancies in Immunodeficient Patients -- Malignancies in Primary Immunodeficiencies -- Secondary Immunodeficiency and Cancer -- Malignancies in the Posttransplant Patient -- Summary -- 21 Histiocytoses -- Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis -- Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis -- Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman Disease) -- Juvenile Xanthogranuloma.

Malignant Histiocytic Diseases -- Summary -- Management Summary -- 22A Gliomas, Ependymomas, and Other Nonembryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System -- Epidemiology -- Inherited Syndromes Associated with Central Nervous System Tumors -- Ionizing Radiation and Central Nervous System Tumors -- Pathologic Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors -- Clinical Presentation -- Neuroimaging in Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors: Current Status and Future Directions -- Neurosurgery: Diagnosis and Treatment -- Radiation Therapy -- Principles of Chemotherapy -- Ependymoma -- Low-Grade Gliomas -- Tumors of the Optic Pathway -- Supratentorial High-Grade Gliomas -- Brainstem Gliomas -- Craniopharyngioma -- Choroid Plexus Neoplasms -- Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors -- Sequelae of Treatment -- 22B Tumors of the Central Nervous System: Embryonal and Pineal Region Tumors -- Embryonal Tumors -- Medulloblastoma -- Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor -- Embryonal Tumors with Multilayered Rosettes -- Other Rare Embryonal Tumors -- Pineal Region Tumors -- Germ Cell Tumors -- 23 Neuroblastoma -- Epidemiology -- Genetic Predisposition -- Molecular Pathogenesis -- Pathology -- Clinical Presentation -- Paraneoplastic Syndromes -- Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation -- Staging and Treatment Response -- Prognostic Considerations -- Principals of Initial Therapy -- Late Effects -- Future Considerations -- 24 Renal Tumors -- Epidemiology -- Genetics and Molecular Biology -- Pathology -- Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Workup -- Prognostic Factors -- Treatment of Wilms Tumor -- Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney -- Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor -- Renal Cell Carcinoma -- Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma -- 25 Rhabdomyosarcoma -- Epidemiology and Genetic Susceptibility -- Molecular Biology -- Animal Models -- Pathology -- Patterns of Spread and Clinical Presentation.

Methods of Diagnosis.