Thermal Adaptation : A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis.

Contents -- Preface -- 1 Evolutionary Thermal Biology -- 1.1 The challenge of evolutionary thermal biology -- 1.2 Thermal reaction norms -- 1.3 The role of theory -- 1.4 Theoretical approaches to evolutionary thermal biology -- 1.4.1 Optimality models -- 1.4.2 Quantitative genetic models -- 1.4.3 Allelic models -- 1.4.4 The complementarity of theory -- 1.5 Empirical tools of the evolutionary thermal biologist -- 1.5.1 Quantifying selection -- 1.5.2 Experimental evolution -- 1.5.3 Comparative analysis -- 1.6 Conclusions -- 2 Thermal Heterogeneity -- 2.1 Operative environmental temperature -- 2.2 Global patterns of operative temperature -- 2.2.1 Latitudinal clines -- 2.2.2 Altitudinal clines -- 2.3 Quantifying local variation in operative temperatures -- 2.3.1 Mathematical models -- 2.3.2 Physical models -- 2.3.3 Statistical models -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 3 Thermal Sensitivity -- 3.1 Patterns of thermal sensitivity -- 3.2 Proximate mechanisms and tradeoffs -- 3.2.1 Thermal effects on enzymes (and other proteins) -- 3.2.2 Membrane structure -- 3.2.3 Oxygen limitation -- 3.2.4 Conclusions from considering proximate mechanisms -- 3.3 Optimal performance curves -- 3.3.1 Optimal performance curves: survivorship and related performances -- 3.3.2 Optimal performance curves: fecundity and related performances -- 3.3.3 Contrasting the two models -- 3.4 Using models to understand natural patterns -- 3.4.1 Survivorship -- 3.4.2 Locomotion -- 3.4.3 Development -- 3.4.4 Growth -- 3.4.5 Reproduction -- 3.4.6 Why do certain patterns differ from predicted ones? -- 3.5 Have we mischaracterized thermal clines? -- 3.5.1 Reciprocal transplant experiments -- 3.5.2 Laboratory selection experiments -- 3.5.3 Conclusions from reciprocal transplant and laboratory selection experiments -- 3.6 Have phenotypic constraints been correctly identified?.

3.6.1 A jack of all temperatures can be a master of all -- 3.6.2 The proximate basis of performance determines tradeoffs -- 3.7 Do all performances affect fitness? -- 3.8 Does genetic variation constrain thermal adaptation? -- 3.8.1 A quantitative genetic model based on multivariate selection theory -- 3.8.2 A genetic model for survivorship and related performances -- 3.8.3 A genetic model for fecundity and related performances -- 3.8.4 Predictions of quantitative genetic models depend on genetic parameters -- 3.9 Does gene flow constrain thermal adaptation? -- 3.10 Conclusions -- 4 Thermoregulation -- 4.1 Quantifying patterns of thermoregulation -- 4.2 Benefits and costs of thermoregulation -- 4.2.1 Benefits of thermoregulation -- 4.2.2 Costs of thermoregulation -- 4.3 An optimality model of thermoregulation -- 4.4 Do organisms thermoregulate more precisely when the benefits are greater? -- 4.5 Nonenergetic benefits of thermoregulation -- 4.5.1 Thermoregulation during infection -- 4.5.2 Thermoregulation during pregnancy -- 4.6 Do organisms thermoregulate less precisely when the costs are greater? -- 4.7 Nonenergetic costs of thermoregulation -- 4.7.1 Aggressive interactions with competitors -- 4.7.2 Risk of predation or parasitism -- 4.7.3 Risk of desiccation -- 4.7.4 Missed opportunities for feeding or reproduction -- 4.7.5 Interactions between different costs -- 4.8 Endothermic thermoregulation -- 4.8.1 The evolutionary origins of endothermy -- 4.8.2 Optimal thermoregulation by endotherms -- 4.9 Conclusions -- 5 Thermal Acclimation -- 5.1 Patterns of thermal acclimation -- 5.2 The beneficial acclimation hypothesis -- 5.2.1 Developmental acclimation -- 5.2.2 Reversible acclimation -- 5.2.3 Beyond the beneficial acclimation hypothesis -- 5.3 Costs of thermal acclimation -- 5.3.1 Costs of energetic demands -- 5.3.2 Costs of time lags.

5.3.3 Interaction between costs -- 5.4 Optimal acclimation of performance curves -- 5.4.1 Optimal developmental acclimation -- 5.4.2 Optimal reversible acclimation -- 5.4.3 Relaxing assumptions about fitness -- 5.5 Evidence of optimal acclimation -- 5.5.1 Does the thermal optimum acclimate more than the performance breadth? -- 5.5.2 Do organisms from variable environments acclimate more than organisms from stable environments? -- 5.6 Constraints on the evolution of acclimation -- 5.6.1 Genetic variance and covariance -- 5.6.2 Gene flow -- 5.7 Toward ecological relevance -- 5.8 Conclusions -- 6 Temperature and the Life History -- 6.1 The link between performance and the life history -- 6.2 General patterns of age and size at maturity -- 6.2.1 Thermal plasticity of age and size at maturity -- 6.2.2 Thermal clines in age and size at maturity -- 6.2.3 Experimental evolution of age and size at maturity -- 6.3 Optimal reaction norms for age and size at maturity -- 6.3.1 A comparison of two modeling approaches -- 6.3.2 Thermal effects on juvenile mortality -- 6.3.3 Thermal constraints on maximal body size -- 6.3.4 Thermal effects on population growth -- 6.3.5 A synergy of evolutionary mechanisms -- 6.4 General patterns of reproductive allocation -- 6.4.1 Thermal plasticity of offspring size -- 6.4.2 Thermal clines in offspring size -- 6.4.3 Experimental evolution of offspring size -- 6.5 Optimal size and number of offspring -- 6.5.1 Direct effect of temperature on the optimal offspring size -- 6.5.2 Indirect effects of temperature on the optimal offspring size -- 6.5.3 Teasing apart direct and indirect effects on reproductive allocation -- 6.6 Optimal variation in offspring size -- 6.7 Conclusions -- 7 Thermal Coadaptation -- 7.1 Traits interact to determine fitness -- 7.2 Coadaptation of thermal sensitivity and thermal acclimation.

7.3 Coadaptation of thermal physiology and thermoregulatory behavior -- 7.3.1 Mechanisms favoring a mismatch between preferred temperatures and thermal optima -- 7.3.2 Predicting coadapted phenotypes -- 7.4 Coadaptation of thermoregulatory behavior, thermal physiology, and life history -- 7.5 Constraints on coadaptation -- 7.6 Conclusions -- 8 Thermal Games -- 8.1 Filling the ecological vacuum -- 8.2 Approaches to the study of frequency-dependent selection -- 8.3 Optimal thermoregulation in an evolutionary game -- 8.3.1 Competition during thermoregulation -- 8.3.2 Predation during thermoregulation -- 8.3.3 Relaxing assumptions of simple models -- 8.4 Optimal performance curves in an evolutionary game -- 8.4.1 The coevolution of thermal optima between species -- 8.4.2 The coevolution of thermal breadths between species -- 8.4.3 Gene flow and the coevolution of thermal optima -- 8.5 Life-history evolution in a thermal game -- 8.6 Conclusions -- 9 Adaptation to Anthropogenic Climate Change -- 9.1 Recent patterns of climate change -- 9.1.1 Global change -- 9.1.2 Regional change -- 9.1.3 Local change -- 9.2 Observed responses to recent thermal change -- 9.2.1 Shifts in phenology -- 9.2.2 Shifts in geographic ranges -- 9.2.3 Disruption of ecological interactions -- 9.2.4 Changes in primary productivity -- 9.3 Predicting ecological responses to global warming -- 9.3.1 Correlative versus mechanistic models -- 9.3.2 Mechanistic models of responses to environmental warming -- 9.3.3 Predicting differential responses of populations and species -- 9.4 Adaptation to directional thermal change -- 9.4.1 Adaptation of thermoregulation -- 9.4.2 Adaptation of the thermal optimum -- 9.4.3 Adaptation of the performance breadth -- 9.5 Thermal games in a warming world -- 9.6 Evolutionary consequences of gene flow in a warming world.

9.6.1 Spatially heterogeneous warming can reduce the flow of maladapted genotypes -- 9.6.2 Spatially heterogeneous warming can increase the flow of preadapted genotypes -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- Author Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- Species Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- X -- Z -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W.