A Grammar of Neverver.

Acknowledgements -- Table of contents -- Tables and figures -- Abbreviations -- Maps -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Geographic and linguistic context -- 1.1.1. Limap village -- 1.1.2. Lingarakh village -- 1.1.3. Multilingual interactions -- 1.2. Historical origins -- 1.2.2. Early work on Neverver -- 1.3. An evaluation of language vitality -- 1.3.2. Language statistics and transmission patterns -- 1.3.3. Domains of use -- 1.3.3.1. Religion -- 1.3.3.2. Education -- 1.3.3.3. Media -- 1.3.4. Language support -- 1.3.4.1. Local support -- 1.3.4.2. Official support -- 1.3.5. Literacy development and language documentation -- 1.4. Emerging vernacular literacy practices -- 1.4.2. Literacy in religion -- 1.4.3. Literacy in entertainment -- 1.4.4. Literacy in education -- 1.5. Documenting Neverver -- 1.5.2. Working with the Neverver speech community -- 1.5.3. Describing Neverver -- 2. Phonology -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. The consonant inventory -- 2.2. Distinctive features for Neverver consonants -- 2.3. Consonant contrasts -- 2.3.1. Nasals /m, n, q/ -- 2.3.2. Plain plosives /p, t, k/ -- 2.3.2.1. The /p/ segment -- 2.3.2.2. The /t/ and /k/ segments -- 2.3.3. Prenasalized plosives /b, d, g/ -- 2.3.4. The prenasalized bilabial trill /B/ -- 2.3.5. Plain fricatives /β, s, γ/ -- 2.3.6. The prenasalized affricate /ʤ/ -- 2.3.7. Liquids /r, l/ -- 2.3.8. The prenasalized alveolar trill /D/ -- 2.3.8.1. Consonant sequences and the inflection of verb stems -- 2.3.8.2. Consonant sequences and reduplication -- 2.3.8.3. Syllable-final consonant clusters -- 2.3.9. Non-lateral approximants /j, w/ -- 2.3.10. Geminates -- 2.4. The vowel inventory -- 2.4.1. Distinctive features for Neverver vowels -- 2.4.2. Contrastive sets for the contemporary vowel segments -- 2.4.3. Contrastive front rounded vowels /y/ and /Ø/.

2.4.4. Realizations of the high front vowel /i/ -- 2.4.5. Realizations of the high back vowel /u/ -- 2.4.6. Diphthongs -- 2.4.7. Multi-vowel sequences -- 2.5. Phonotactic constraints -- 2.5.1. One-to-one association -- 2.5.2. Unassociated C slots -- 2.5.3. Type A simultaneous association -- 2.5.4. Type B simultaneous association -- 2.5.5. Violations of the phonotactic constraint -- 2.5.5.1. Initial /tC-/sequences -- 2.5.5.2. The formation of compounds -- 2.6. Phonological processes -- 2.6.1. Neutralization -- 2.6.2. Metathesis -- 2.6.3. Epenthesis -- 2.6.3.1. Epenthetic schwa -- 2.6.3.2. Epenthetic plosives [d] and [g] -- 2.6.3.3. Epenthetic plosive [b] -- 2.6.3.4. Established allomorphy for the irrealisnasal /m/ -- 2.6.3.5. Epenthetic [i] -- 2.6.4. Apocope and syncope -- 2.7. Stress -- 2.7.1. Stress assignment in nouns -- 2.7.2. Stress assignment in verbs -- 2.8. Intonation patterns -- 2.8.1. Terminal intonation -- 2.8.2. Non-terminal intonation -- 2.8.3. Polar interrogatives (9.3.2.) -- 2.9. Orthographic conventions -- 3. Nominals -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Pronouns -- 3.1.1. Independent personal pronouns -- 3.1.2. Possessive determiners -- 3.1.3. Possessive pronouns -- 3.2. Noun classes -- 3.3. Common nouns -- 3.3.1. The function and distribution of the common noun prefix n(V)- -- 3.3.2. The form of the common noun prefix -- 3.3.3. A note on the syllabification of segmental vowel sequences -- 3.3.4. Non-prototypical common nouns -- 3.3.5. Common nouns with temporal meanings -- 3.4. Personal nouns -- 3.4.1. Personal proper names -- 3.4.2. Personal kin terms -- 3.5. Local nouns -- 3.5.1. Proper place names -- 3.5.2. Local nouns denoting familiar places -- 3.5.3. Local nouns denoting significant features of the physical environment -- 3.5.3.1. The absolute frame -- 3.5.3.2. The absolute/deictic frame.

3.5.3.3. Locative part nouns -- 3.5.4. Temporal local nouns -- 3.5.4.1. Parts of the day -- 3.5.4.2. Time counters -- 3.6. Pronominal-nouns -- 3.7. Nominalization processes -- 3.7.1. Simple nominalization -- 3.7.2. Simulfix nominalization -- 3.7.2.1. Nominalizing intransitive verb stems -- 3.7.2.2. Nominalization and reduplication of intransitive stems. -- 3.7.2.3. Nominalizing transitive verb stems with experiencer subjects -- 3.7.2.4. Nominalizing prototypical transitive stems -- 3.7.2.5. Nominalizations involving other word classes -- 3.8. Compound nouns -- 3.8.1. Noun-Noun compounds -- 3.8.2. Noun-Verb compounds -- 4. The noun phrase -- 4.0. Introduction -- 4.1. Noun phrase heads -- 4.2. The syntactic functions of the noun phrase -- 4.3. The structure of the noun phrase -- 4.4. Unmodified nouns -- 4.4.1. Encoding indefinite non-referring expressions with zero modification -- 4.4.2. Encoding definite referring expressions with zero modification -- 4.4.3. Using unmodified nouns to encode generic expressions -- 4.5. Nominal modification -- 4.5.1. Lexical modifiers -- 4.5.2. Intensifiers -- 4.5.3. Possessives -- 4.5.4. Quantifiers -- 4.5.5. Demonstratives -- 4.5.6. Number -- 4.5.6.1. The plural marker -- 4.5.6.2. Number relative clauses -- 4.5.7. The limiter (lu)me 'only, just' -- 4.5.8. Summary of noun phrase modification -- 4.6. Noun phrase coordination -- 4.6.1. Prosodic listing -- 4.6.2. The comitative preposition blev -- 4.6.3. Inclusory pronominal constructions -- 4.6.3.1. The explicit phrasal inclusory construction -- 4.6.3.2. The implicit split inclusory construction -- 4.6.4. Disjunctive coordination -- 5. Possession, relativization, and number -- 5.0. Introduction -- 5.1. Describing possession -- 5.1.1. Human possessors -- 5.1.11. Exceptions -- 5.11.2. Human possession and definiteness.

5.1.2. Non-human possessors -- 5.1.2.1. Inherent possession -- 5.1.2.2. Associative possession -- 5.1.3. Semantic irregularities -- 5.2. Relative clauses -- 5.2.1. Relativising the subject position -- 5.2.2. Relativising the object position -- 5.2.3. Relativising the second object position -- 5.2.4. Relativising the oblique - objects of prepositions -- 5.2.5. Relativising the genitive - possessors -- 5.2.6. Relativization and pronominal-nouns -- 5.2.6.1. Relative clauses with an as the head -- 5.2.6.2. Relative clauses with kut as the head -- 5.2.6.3. Relative clauses with dran as the head -- 5.2.7. Relative clauses with demonstrative predicates -- 5.2.8. Pronominal-nouns and demonstrative predicates -- 5.2.9. Relative clauses and indefinite heads -- 5.3. Number -- 5.3.1. Cardinal numbers -- 5.3.1.1. Cardinal numbers one to nine -- 5.3.1.2. Cardinal numbers ten and over -- 5.3.2. Ordinal numbers -- 5.3.3. Indefinite referring expressions -- 5.4. NMOD and the quantifier tle 'another' -- 6. Verb classes -- 6.0. Introduction -- 6.1. The subject/mood prefix -- 6.1.1. Accounting for regular allomorphy in the subject/mood prefix -- 6.1.2. The impersonal subject/mood prefix -- 6.1.3. Representing the subject/mood prefix -- 6.2. Morphophonemic stem alternations -- 6.2.1. Allomorphy in the irregular verb vu 'go' -- 6.3. Verb classes -- 6.3.1. Inherently transitive stems -- 6.3.1.1. Non-prototypical transitive stems -- 6.3.1.2. Detransitive morphology -- 6.3.2. Inherently intransitive stems -- 6.3.2.1. Bare intransitive stems -- 6.4. Homonymy -- 7. Expressing temporal, modal, and aspectual information -- 7.0. Introduction -- 7.1. Expressing temporal contrasts -- 7.1.1. Events which happened (or did not happen) prior to the reference time -- 7.1.2. Events which are happening at the reference time.

7.1.3. States that existed (or did not exist) prior to or at the reference time -- 7.1.4. Relative future events -- 7.1.5. Events marked by suppakh or lile 'nearly, soon' -- 7.2. Expressing reality status -- 7.2.1. Habitual events, such as those described in familiar processes -- 7.2.2. Imperative and prohibitive constructions -- 7.2.3. Adverbial subordinate clauses -- 7.2.4. Complement clauses -- 7.2.5. Relative clauses with indefinite heads -- 7.2.6. The grammatical category of mood -- 7.3. The encoding of aspectual and temporal meanings -- 7.3.1. External tense/aspect markers -- 7.3.1.1. Anterior ij -- 7.3.1.2. Remote anterior ma ij -- 7.3.1.3. Immediate aspect mej 'just' -- 7.3.1.4. Discourse perfect lu -- 7.3.1.5. Continuative aspect deb(b)/mo -- 7.3.1.6. Summary of external tense/aspect markers -- 7.3.2. Intermediate quantificational aspect -- 7.3.2.1. Frequentative aspect sakhsakh -- 7.3.2.2. Argument quantifier mokh -- 7.3.3. Internal aspectual markers -- 7.3.3.1. Completive (total) aspect lu -- 7.3.3.2. Completive (plural) aspect dan -- 7.3.3.3. Partitive aspect da -- 7.3.3.4. Partly complete aspect dor -- 7.3.3.5. Temporary aspect der -- 7.3.3.6. Past habitual with duvakh and reduplication -- 7.3.3.7. Aspectual distinctions encoded through reduplication -- 7.3.4. Phasal aspect encoded in core layer juncture -- 7.3.4.1. Progressive aspect tokh -- 7.3.4.2. Ingressive aspect tabatn ~ stait -- 7.3.4.3. Egressive aspect suvsuv -- 8. Reduplication -- 8.0. Introduction -- 8.1. Forms of reduplication -- 8.1.1. Non-prototypical verb reduplication -- 8.1.2. Formalizing the process of reduplication -- 8.1.3. Interaction with the subject/mood prefix -- 8.1.4. Reduplication in other parts of speech -- 8.2. Functions of reduplication -- 8.2.1. Reduplication in detransitive constructions.

8.2.1.1. Unspecified object deletion (6.3.1.2.).