Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- About the companion website -- Chapter 1 Problems of sclerotized chitin: Softening insect cuticle -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Gottlieb's technic [1] -- 1.2 General Methods -- 1.2.1 Cox's technic [2] -- 1.2.2 Eltringham's method II [2] -- 1.2.3 Verdcourt's nitric-ethanol [3] -- 1.2.4 Schultze's [3] -- 1.2.5 Modified Schultze's [3] -- 1.2.6 Verdcourt's technic [3] -- 1.2.7 Eltringham's method III [2] -- 1.2.8 Eltringham's method IV [2] -- 1.2.9 Henning's II [4] -- 1.2.10 Kingsbury and Johannsen's fixative [5] -- 1.2.11 Murray's [4, 6] -- 1.2.12 Sinha's fixative [7] -- 1.2.13 Modified Henning's [5] -- 1.2.14 Frenzel's fluid [8] -- 1.2.15 Post-fixative technic [9] -- 1.2.16 Parks and Larsen's [10] -- 1.2.17 Slifer's and King's [11] -- 1.2.18 Pearlman and Cole's (I) [11] -- 1.2.19 Perlman and Cole's (II) [11] -- 1.2.20 Beckel's technic [12] -- 1.2.21 Beckels' modified palmgren tape technic [13] -- 1.2.22 Barros-Pita technic [14] -- 1.2.23 Dioxan technic [15] -- 1.2.24 Carlisle's technic [16] -- 1.2.25 Weinstock and McDonald's technic] [17] -- 1.2.26 Rexrode and Krause's technic [18] -- 1.2.27 Dillon's technic [19] -- 1.3 Preparations of insect eggs -- 1.3.1 Terpineol technic [15] -- 1.3.2 Johnston's rubber paraffin technic [15] -- 1.3.3 Tahmisian and Slifer technic [20] -- 1.3.4 Henking's [4] -- 1.4 Double Embedding Techniques -- 1.4.1 Double embedding technic [8] -- 1.4.2 Wilson's modified boycott technic [15] -- 1.4.3 Sinha's modified Mukerji's [21] -- 1.4.4 Agar-Ester wax double embedding technic [22] -- 1.4.5 Tissue Mat, N-butyl methacrylate technic [23] -- 1.4.6 Storch and Chadwick technic [24] -- References -- Chapter 2 Fixation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Aldehyde based fixatives -- 2.2.1 Alkaline formalin [2] -- 2.2.2 Ammerman's [3, 4].

2.2.3 Carl's [5] -- 2.2.4 Davidson's alcohol: Formalin: Acetic Acid (AFA) [6] -- 2.2.5 Formaldehyde/ Glutaraldehyde [7] -- 2.2.6 Formol-acetic alcohol[4, 8, 9] -- 2.2.7 Frings' and Frings' IP CFAA [10] -- 2.2.8 Hall's [11] -- 2.2.9 Heat fixation [12] -- 2.2.10 Homberg's GPA [13] -- 2.2.11 Karr and Albert's embyro technic [14] -- 2.2.12 Kelsheimer's [15] -- 2.2.13 MacGregor's [16] -- 2.2.14 Methanol/ Formalin fixation [17] -- 2.2.15 Microwave fixation [18] -- 2.2.16 10% neutral buffered formalin [19] -- 2.2.17 Ott's zinc technic [20] -- 2.2.18 Pampel's [16] -- 2.2.19 Preparation for cryosectioning [21] -- 2.2.20 Serra's fixative [22] -- 2.2.21 Weaver's formol [23] -- 2.3 Protein denaturing -- 2.3.1 Carnoy's A [4, 24] -- 2.3.2 Carnoy's acetic-alcohol [15] -- 2.3.3 Carnoy's B -- 2.3.4 Carnoy-Lebrun [2-4, 8] -- 2.3.5 Farmer's [25] -- 2.3.6 Peterson's (commonly referred to as K.A.A.) [26] -- 2.3.7 K.A.A.D. [27] -- 2.3.8 K.A.S.A. [28] -- 2.3.9 Tetrahydrofuran Carnoy's [29] -- 2.4 Picric acid based -- 2.4.1 Allen's PFA [30] -- 2.4.2 B-15 [2] -- 2.4.3 Bouin's [8, 15] -- 2.4.4 Brazil's [26] -- 2.4.5 Duboscq-Brasil fluid (alcoholic Bouin's) [31] -- 2.4.6 Hollande Bouin's fixative [32] -- 2.4.7 Modified Hollande-Bouin solution [33, 34] -- 2.4.8 Improved synthetic alcoholic Bouin [31] -- 2.4.9 Kramer's Bouin [3] -- 2.4.10 Mayer's picric hydrochloride [9, 35] -- 2.4.11 Mayer's picro-nitric acid technic [8, 9, 35] -- 2.4.12 Picro-chloro acetic [15] -- 2.4.13 Picro-sulfuric acid technic - better known as Kleinenberg's fluid/solution [15, 36] -- 2.4.14 Van Leeuwen's technic [8] -- 2.4.15 Zamboni's fixative [37] -- 2.5 Mercuric chloride based -- 2.5.1 Corrosive acetic (Sherlock's) [15, 38] -- 2.5.2 Corrosive sublimate (mercuric chloride) [2] -- 2.5.3 Eltringham's [3, 15] -- 2.5.4 Gilson's M-N [38] -- 2.5.5 Movat's FSA [39] -- 2.5.6 Petrunkevitch's [40].

2.5.7 Schaudin's [30] -- 2.5.8 Tetrahydrofuran - Eltringham [29] -- 2.5.9 Tetrahydrofuran sublimate[29] -- 2.5.10 Zenker's [8, 26] -- 2.6 SEM/TEM -- 2.6.1 Carbonte trachloride [41, 42] -- 2.6.3 Glutaraldehyde / uranyl acetate -- 2.6.4 Kalt and Tandler technic [43, 44] -- 2.6.5 Karnovsky's solution [45, 46] -- 2.6.6 McDowell trump solution [47] -- 2.6.7 Mosca and Schwarz [48] -- 2.6.8 Preparation of Drosophila eye specimens for scanning electron microscopy - critical point dried [49] -- 2.6.9 Preparation of Drosophila eye specimens for scanning electron microscopy - trichlorofluoroethane [49] -- 2.6.10 Preparation of Drosophila eye specimens for scanning electron microscopy - HMDS [49] -- 2.6.11 Preparation of Drosophila eye specimen for transmission electron microscopy [50] -- 2.6.12 Preparation of Rhodnius prolixus for phase contrast X-ray synchrotron imaging [51] -- 2.7 Other -- 2.7.1 Champy's [15] -- 2.7.2 Chromic acid [2] -- 2.7.3 Dioxane [24] -- 2.7.4 EDC [52] -- 2.7.5 Flemming's strong solution [2] -- 2.7.6 Helly's Fixative (Zenker-formol) -- 2.7.7 Henning's [40] -- 2.7.8 Modified Zenker's fixative -- 2.7.9 Perenyi's chromo-nitric [8] -- 2.7.10 Petrun kevitch's cupric paranitrophenol[53] -- 2.7.11 Petrun kevitch'scupric phenol[53] -- 2.7.12 Steck and Wharton's technic [54] -- 2.7.13 Nässel/Elekes fixative [55] -- References -- Chapter 3 Dehydrating, clearing, and embedding -- 3.1 Dehydration -- 3.1.1 Acetone [1, 2] -- 3.1.2 Oil-methyl salicylate technic -- 3.1.3 Dimethyl formamide [3] -- 3.1.4 Fassig's iso-amyl alcohol technic [4] -- 3.1.5 Romeis' dioxane technic [5] -- 3.1.6 Tetrahydrofuran [6] -- 3.1.7 Salthouse's dehydration and embedding technic [7] -- 3.1.8 Stiles' N-butyl alcohol technic [8] -- 3.1.9 Becker's modified stiles technic -- 3.1.10 Bartlett's N-Butyl technic [9] -- 3.2 Clearing -- 3.2.1 Berlese's fluid [10].

3.2.2 Carbol-xylol [11, 12] -- 3.2.3 Cedar oil [11-13] -- 3.2.4 Methanol/cedar oil clearing [14] -- 3.2.5 Clove oil [11-13] -- 3.2.6 Creosote [15, 16] -- 3.2.7 Dioxane [17] -- 3.2.8 Glycerol [14] -- 3.2.9 Hetherington's [13] -- 3.2.10 Methylben zoate [18] -- 3.2.11 Methylsalicy late [19, 20] -- 3.2.12 Propylene oxide [21] -- 3.2.13 Stapp and Cumley's technic [22] -- 3.2.14 Terpineol [12, 13] -- 3.2.15 Terpineolxylene [11, 12] -- 3.2.16 Tetrahydrofuran [6] -- 3.2.17 Trimethylsilane [23] -- 3.2.18 Turpentine [24] -- 3.2.19 Xylene [11-13] -- 3.3 Embedding General -- 3.3.1 Apathy's double-embedding technic [13] -- 3.3.2 Bayberry paraffin medium [13] -- 3.3.3 Bayberry, paraffin, rubber medium [13] -- 3.3.4 Boycott's technic [25] -- 3.3.5 Dobell's embedding technic [26] -- 3.3.6 Eltringham's double embedding technic [25] -- 3.3.7 MC Indoo's technic [25] -- 3.3.8 Salthouse's double embedding technic [7] -- 3.3.9 Smith's embedding technic [27] -- 3.3.10 Woodworth's embedding technic [28] -- 3.3.11 De Guisti and Ezman's Tissue Mat-isopropyl technic [29] -- 3.3.12 Agarose [30] -- 3.3.13 Ripper cyro-technic [31] -- 3.3.14 Sucrose cryo-protection technic [3, 32] -- 3.3.15 Tobie, Burgdorfer,and Larson's freezing technic [33] -- 3.4 Embedding - Ester Wax -- 3.4.1 Ester wax original [34] -- 3.4.2 Modified ester wax technic [35] -- 3.4.3 Akesson's polyester wax technic [36] -- 3.5 Embedding - Methacrylate -- 3.5.1 Beckel and Habowsky's [37] -- 3.5.2 Modified Woodring and Cook technic [38] -- 3.5.3 Rohde's [39] -- References -- Chapter 4 Staining -- 4.1 Single-contrast staining - Carmines -- 4.1.1 Mayer's acidulated carmine [1, 2] -- 4.1.2 Mayer's carmalum [2] -- 4.1.3 HCL carmine [2] -- 4.1.4 Mayer's paracarmine [3] -- 4.1.5 Grenacher's [3] -- 4.2 Single contrast staining - Nuclear Stains -- 4.2.1 Delafield's hematoxylin [1] -- 4.2.2 Acid delafield's hematoxylin [2].

4.2.3 Ehrlich's acid hematoxylin [2] -- 4.2.4 Mayer's hemalum [2] -- 4.2.5 Mayer's alcoholic cochineal [2] -- 4.2.6 Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin [1] -- 4.2.7 Weigert's iron hematoxylin [4] -- 4.2.8 Modified weigert's [5] -- 4.3 Single contrast staining - General Stains -- 4.3.1 Bromophenol blue [6] -- 4.3.2 DMB technic [7] -- 4.3.3 Nile blue [6] -- 4.3.4 Oil red O [8] -- 4.3.5 Crystal violet [9] -- 4.3.6 Safranin [2] -- 4.3.7 Gentian violet [2] -- 4.3.8 Safraningentian violet technic [2] -- 4.3.9 Endogenous alkaline phosphatase [10] -- 4.4 Single contrast staining - Golgi -- 4.4.1 Golgi technic [3] -- 4.4.2 Modified Colonnier-rapid golgi method [11, 12] -- 4.5 Single contrast staining - Eggs -- 4.5.1 Potassium permanganate technic [13] -- 4.5.2 Thionine staining [14] -- 4.6 Single contrast staining - Silver Stains -- 4.6.1 Bodian silver technic [15, 16] -- 4.6.2 Cajal's block silver stain [17] -- 4.6.3 Holmes-blest technic [18] -- 4.6.4 Uranyl acetate and lead citrate staining [19-21] -- 4.6.5 Wigglesworth's osmium-ethyl gallate method [17] -- 4.7 Polychrome staining techniques - General -- 4.7.1 Rae's modified masson trichrome [22] -- 4.7.2 Kramer's technic [23] -- 4.7.3 Lower's trichrome stain [24] -- 4.7.4 Modified gomori's [25] -- 4.7.5 Phosphotungstic hematoxylin [26] -- 4.7.6 Baker staining [6] -- 4.7.7 Periodic acid schiff's stain [6] -- 4.7.8 Toluidine blue-azur II [27] -- 4.7.9 Methylene blue-azur [28] -- 4.7.10 Methylene blue-azur II [29] -- 4.7.11 Kluver and Barrera Luxol Fast Blue [30] -- 4.7.12 Eosin and methylene blue [26] -- 4.7.13 Delafield-eosin technic [2] -- 4.7.14 Levy's technic [31] -- 4.8 Polychrome staining - Brain/Nerve -- 4.8.1 Kingsbury and Johannsen technic [32] -- 4.8.2 Buxton's picro-nigrosin [33] -- 4.8.3 Mann's stain [33] -- 4.9 Polychrome staining - blood -- 4.9.1 Dubuscq [25].

4.9.2 Yeager's Wright-nicotine oxalic acid technic.