The role of backbone modifications in oligonucleotide-based strategies -- Genasense (G3139) : an antisense Bcl-2 oligodeoxyribonucleotide with substantial clinical activity and a complex mechanism of action -- Antisense morpholino oligomers and their peptide conjugates -- Peptide-peptide nucleic acid conjugates for modulation of gene expression -- Locked nucleic acid: properties and therapeutic aspects -- Immune stimulatory oligonucleotides -- Decoy oligodeoxynucleotides to treat inflammatory diseases -- AS1411 : development of an anticancer aptamer -- Spiegelmer NOX-E36 for renal diseases -- Strategies for the delivery of oligonucleotides in vivo -- Lipid-mediated in vivo delivery of small interfering RNAs -- Vector-mediated and viral delivery of short hairpin RNAs -- Development of an RNAi-based gene therapy against HIV-1 -- RNA based therapies for treatment of HIV infection.