Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface and acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction and perspective -- WHY THIS BOOK? -- MOTIVATION AND LEVELS OF EXPLANATION -- An example: analysis of taste preferences -- MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS OF REDUCTIONISM -- ORGANISATION OF THIS BOOK -- A preview of the forthcoming chapters -- SUMMARY -- 2 Mating and reproductive activities -- THE IMPORTANCE OF SEX -- SEXUAL STRATEGIES -- Imbalance in male and female investments -- Winning the female through contests and looking good -- PARENTAL INVESTMENT, SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND MATING SYSTEM -- Extra-pair matings among monogamous birds -- SOMATIC AND GENITAL SEXUAL SELECTION -- SEXUAL SELECTION IN HUMANS -- Pair-bonding in humans -- Human mate choice -- Human social status and reproductive success -- PROXIMATE FACTORS AND MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES -- THE CONCEPT OF 'BRAIN SEX' -- Ovarian hormones in sexual differentiation of the brain -- BEHAVIOUR AND NEURAL ORGANISATION IN CONTEXT -- SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION IN HUMANS -- SUMMARY -- 3 Parental/maternal activities -- PARENTAL CARE AND ATTACHMENT -- Experimental studies on maternal selectivity in goats -- Experimental studies on maternal selectivity in sheep -- Maternal behaviour in rodents -- Maternal selectivity of rabbits -- SYNOPSIS OF PORTER AND LÉVY'S COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS -- PROXIMATE MECHANISMS MEDIATING MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN RATS -- Fleming's model of hormonal influence on maternal behaviour -- Neural and hormonal control of maternal behaviour -- PARENTAL/MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN PRIMATES -- PARENTAL/MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN HUMANS -- MECHANISMS OF ATTACHMENT -- CHANGING PATTERNS OF PARENTAL INVESTMENT -- SUMMARY -- 4 Feeding activities -- PERIPHERAL CUES AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM -- BRAIN MECHANISMS INTEGRATING FEEDING -- Effects of VMH lesions -- THE CEPHALIC PHASE HYPOTHESIS.

Effects of LH lesions -- General motivational and motor deficits arising from LH lesions -- THE VMH SYNDROME AND THE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN OBESITY -- BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA -- Activity-based anorexia -- An evolutionary perspective on anorexia -- PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS REVISITED -- VMH syndrome -- Neurotransmitter and modulators -- SELECTED GENERAL MODELS OF FEEDING -- Stricker (1990) -- Rolls (1994) -- Bernardis & Bellinge (1996) -- Raible (1995) -- Ramsay, Seely, Bolles & Woods (1996) -- SUMMARY -- 5 Food selection -- MECHANISMS OF FOOD SELECTION -- Hedonic factors in taste reactions -- ANALYSIS OF THE INNATE HUNGER/APPETITE FOR SALT -- Sodium appetite or sodium hunger? -- The nervous system and the expression of sodium hunger/appetite -- Physiological basis of sodium appetite -- In retrospect -- ANALYSIS OF THIAMINE-SPECIFIC HUNGER: ACQUIRED PREFERENCES -- Effects of other specific deficits -- Food selection under need-free conditions -- CULTURE, BIOLOGY, AND HUMAN FOOD CHOICE -- The 'biological wisdom' of cuisine -- Non-biological symbolic aspects of food -- SUMMARY -- 6 Drinking activities -- DRINKING AND THE PASSAGE OF WATER -- MECHANISMS OF OSMOTIC (CELLULAR DEHYDRATION) THIRST -- Osmoreceptors -- Summary of the role of osmotic stimuli and drinking -- MECHANISMS OF HYPOVOLAEMIC (OR EXTRACELLULAR DEHYDRATION) THIRST -- Angiotensin as a stimulus -- Is angiotensin involved in deprivation-induced drinking? -- NONREGULATORY DRINKING -- Schedule-induced polydipsia -- SUMMARY -- 7 Stimulus seeking and exploratory activities -- EARLY REARING CONDITIONS AND STIMULUS PREFERENCES OF MONKEYS -- EARLY EXPERIENCE AND STIMULUS SEEKING TENDENCIES IN RATS -- FEAR AND EXPLORATION -- Causal mechanisms of the handling effect -- ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF STIMULUS SEEKING -- PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF SPONTANEOUS ALTERNATION BEHAVIOUR.

Ontogeny of mechanisms of spontaneous alternation behaviour -- NEOPHILIA AND NEOPHOBIA -- SENSATION SEEKING IN HUMANS -- SUMMARY -- 8 Aversive motivation systems: fear, frustration and aggression -- TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR -- Problems with two-factor theory -- PAVLOVIA CONDITIONING, ACQUIRED MOTIVATION, AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM -- FEAR AND FRUSTRATION AS AVERSIVE STATES -- Drug studies on reactions of aversive stimuli -- Neural structures and the behavioural inhibition system -- Experiments on the BIS -- THE FIGHT-FLIGHT SYSTEM AND ATTACK BEHAVIOUR -- Predatory attack behaviour and positive reward -- AVERSIVE STIMULI AND MOTIVATION SYSTEMS IN HUMANS -- Sources of human aggression -- Homicide -- SUMMARY -- 9 Social motivation: attachment and altruism -- ATTACHMENT ACTIVITIES -- PROSOCIAL AND 'ALTRUISTIC' ACTIVITIES -- Alarm calling in Belding ground squirrels -- Social exchange and reciprocal altruism -- Reciprocity in vampire bats -- Reciprocity among baboons and vervet monkeys -- Altruism in humans -- SUMMARY -- 10 Conclusions and retrospective -- MOTIVATION AND FITNESS -- BEHAVIOUR IN A CONTEXT -- INTERACTION OF EXTERNAL STIMULI, BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY -- CONTROL SYSTEMS -- INTERACTION BETWEEN MOTIVATED ACTIVITIES -- GOAL-ORIENTED BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGICAL REDUCTIONISM -- AFFECT AND MOTIVATION -- SUMMARY -- References -- Author index -- Subject index.