Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Concepts of spatial pattern -- Introduction -- Pattern and process -- Causes of spatial pattern and its development -- Concepts of spatial pattern -- Spatial pattern -- Scale -- Intensity -- Types of single-species pattern -- Dispersion -- Spatial autocorrelation -- Markov models -- Association -- Fractals -- Concluding remarks -- 2 Sampling -- Introduction -- Sampling for pattern in a fixed frame of reference -- Points -- Quadrats -- Lines -- Mapped mosaic -- Sampling for pattern on gradients -- Sampling for pattern relative to other plants -- Points -- Location of sampling -- Concluding remarks -- Recommendations -- 3 Basic methods for one dimension and one species -- Introduction -- Data -- Blocked quadrat variance -- Local quadrat variances -- Paired quadrat variance -- New local variance -- Combined analysis -- Semivariogram and fractal dimension -- Spectral analysis -- Other methods -- Concluding remarks -- Recommendations -- 4 Spatial pattern of two species -- Introduction -- At most one species per point -- Several species per point -- Blocked quadrat covariance (BQC) -- Paired quadrat covariance (PQC) and conditional probability -- Two-and three-term local quadrat covariance (TTLQC and 3TLQC) -- Comparison of methods -- Extensions of covariance analysis -- Other approaches -- Relative pattern: species association -- Concluding remarks -- Recommendations -- 5 Multispecies pattern -- Introduction -- Multiscale ordination -- Semivariogram and fractal dimension -- Methods based on correspondence analysis -- Euclidean distance -- Comments -- Spectral analysis -- Other field results -- Species associations -- Concluding remarks -- Recommendations -- 6 Two-dimensional analysis of spatial pattern -- Introduction -- Blocked quadrat variance.

Spatial autocorrelation and paired quadrat variance -- Two-dimensional spectral analysis -- Two-dimensional local quadrat variances -- Four-term local quadrat variance -- Random paired quadrat frequency -- Variogram -- Covariation -- Paired quadrat covariance (PQC) -- Four-term local quadrat covariance -- Plant-environment correlation -- Cross-variogram -- Landscape metrics -- Other methods -- Concluding remarks -- Recommendations -- 7 Point patterns -- Introduction -- Univariate point patterns -- Neighbor distance methods -- Plant-to-all-plants distances -- Second-order analysis -- Tessellations -- Quadrat counts -- Anisotropy -- Bivariate point patterns -- Nearest neighbor methods -- Frameworks -- Second-order or neighborhood methods -- Conversion to quadrats -- Multispecies point pattern and quantitative attributes -- Concluding remarks -- Recommendations -- 8 Pattern on an environmental gradient -- Introduction -- Continuous presence/absence data -- Overlap -- Intermingling of boundary types -- Contiguity -- Gap and partial overlap -- Event measure -- Clumping and spacing of boundaries -- Concordance -- Quadrats: presence/absence data -- Density data -- Concluding remarks -- Recommendations -- 9 Conclusions and future directions -- Summary of recommendations -- What next? -- Three dimensions -- Relation to spatial structure of physical factors -- Obvious extensions -- Temporal aspects of spatial pattern analysis -- Wavelets -- Questions and hypotheses -- Concluding remarks -- Bibliography -- Glossary of abbreviations -- List of plant species -- Index.