Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION -- HOW TO USE THIS BOOK -- 1 Introduction to physiological calculation: approximation and units -- 1.1 Arithmetic - speed, approximation and error -- 1.2 Units -- 1.3 How attention to units can ease calculations, prevent mistakes and provide a check on formulae -- Conclusions -- Practice in unit analysis -- 1.4 Analysis of units in expressions involving exponents (indices) -- 1.5 Logarithms -- 2 Quantifying the body: interrelationships amongst 'representative' or 'textbook' quantities -- 3 Energy and metabolism -- 3.1 Measures of energy -- 3.2 Energy in food and food reserves -- relationships between energy and oxygen consumption -- 3.3 Basal metabolic rate -- 3.4 Oxygen in a small dark cell -- 3.5 Energy costs of walking, and of being a student -- 3.6 Fat storage and the control of appetite -- 3.7 Cold drinks, hot drinks, temperature regulation -- 3.8 Oxygen and glucose in blood -- 3.9 Adenosine triphosphate and metabolic efficiency -- 3.10 Basal metabolic rate in relation to body size -- 3.11 Drug dosage and body size -- 3.12 Further aspects of allometry - life span and the heart -- 3.13 The contribution of sodium transport to metabolic rate -- 3.14 Production of metabolic water in human and mouse -- 4 The cardiovascular system -- 4.1 Erythrocytes and haematocrit (packed cell volume) -- 4.2 Optimum haematocrit - the viscosity of blood -- 4.3 Peripheral resistance -- 4.4 Blood flow and gas exchange -- 4.5 Arteriolar smooth muscle - the law of Laplace -- 4.6 Extending William Harvey's argument: 'what goes in must come out' -- 4.7 The work of the heart -- 5 Respiration -- 5.1 Correcting gas volumes for temperature, pressure, humidity and respiratory exchange ratio -- Conversion between… -- 5.2 Dissolved O2 and CO2 in blood plasma.

5.3 PCO2 inside cells -- 5.4 Gas tensions at sea level and at altitude -- Inspired air, alveolar air and expired air near sea level -- Altitude -- 5.5 Why are alveolar and arterial PCO2 close to 40 mmHg? -- 5.6 Water loss in expired air -- 5.7 Renewal of alveolar gas -- 5.8 Variations in lung dimensions during breathing -- 5.9 The number of alveoli in a pair of lungs -- 5.10 Surface tensions in the lungs -- 5.11 Pulmonary lymph formation and oedema -- 5.12 The pleural space -- Parietal pleurae -- Visceral pleurae -- 6 Renal function -- 6.1 The composition of the glomerular filtrate -- Osmotic pressure -- Protein concentration -- 6.2 The influence of colloid osmotic pressure on glomerular filtration rate -- 6.3 Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow -- clearances of inulin, para-aminohippurate and drugs -- 6.4 The concentrating of tubular fluid by reabsorption of water -- 6.5 Urea: clearance and reabsorption -- 6.6 Sodium and bicarbonate - rates of filtration and reabsorption -- 6.7 Is fiuid reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule really isosmotic? -- 6.8 Work performed by the kidneys in sodium reabsorption -- 6.9 Mechanisms of renal sodium reabsorption -- 6.10 Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate -- glomerulotubular balance -- 6.11 Renal regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure -- 6.12 Daily output of solute in urine -- 6.13 The flow and concentration of urine -- 6.14 Beer drinker's hyponatraemia -- 6.15 The medullary countercurrent mechanism in antidiuresis - applying the principle of mass balance -- 6.16 Renal mitochondria: an exercise involving allometry -- 7 Body fluids -- 7.1 The sensitivity of hypothalamic osmoreceptors -- 7.2 Cells as 'buffers' of extracellular potassium -- 7.3 Assessing movements of sodium between body compartments - a practical diffculty.

7.4 The role of bone mineral in the regulation of extracellular calcium and phosphate -- 7.5 The amounts of calcium and bone in the body -- 7.6 The principle of electroneutrality -- 7.7 Donnan equilibrium -- 7.8 Colloid osmotic pressure -- 7.9 Molar and molal concentrations -- 7.10 Osmolarity and osmolality -- 7.11 Gradients of sodium across cell membranes -- 7.12 Membrane potentials - simplifying the Goldman equation -- 8 Acid-base balance -- 8.1 pH and hydrogen ion activity -- 8.2 The CO2-HCO3 equilibrium: the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation -- 8.3 Intracellular pH and bicarbonate -- 8.4 Mitochondrial pH -- 8.5 Why bicarbonate concentration does not vary with PCO2 in simple solutions lacking non-bicarbonate buffers -- 8.6 Carbonate ions in body fiuids -- 8.7 Buffering of lactic acid -- 8.8 The role of intracellular buffers in the regulation of extracellular pH -- 8.9 The role of bone mineral in acid-base balance -- 8.10 Is there a postprandial alkaline tide? -- 9 Nerve and muscle -- 9.1 Myelinated axons - saltatory conduction -- 9.2 Non-myelinated fibres -- 9.3 Musical interlude - a feel for time -- 9.4 Muscular work - chinning the bar, saltatory bushbabies -- 9.5 Creatine phosphate in muscular contraction -- 9.6 Calcium ions and protein filaments in skeletal muscle -- Appendix A Some useful quantities -- Appendix B Exponents and logarithms -- Exponents (indices) -- Introduction to logarithms -- Rules for manipulating logarithms -- A logarithm to remember -- Precision and accuracy -- Natural logarithms -- REFERENCES -- NOTES AND ANSWERS -- INDEX.