Convergence Technologies for 3G Networks -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background to Convergence -- 1.2 Third Generation (3G) -- 1.3 Why UMTS? -- 1.4 IMT2000 Process -- 1.5 Organization of the Book -- 2 Principles of Communications -- 2.1 Circuit- and Packet Switched Data -- 2.1.1 Datagram Approach -- 2.1.2 Virtual Circuits -- 2.2 Analogue and Digital Communications -- 2.2.1 Representing Analogue Signals in Digital Format -- 2.3 Voice and Video Transmission -- 2.3.1 Sampling -- 2.3.2 Coding and CODECs -- 2.3.3 Pulse Code Modulation -- 2.3.4 Compression -- 2.3.5 Comfort Noise Generation and Activity Detection -- 2.3.6 Packetization Delay -- 2.3.7 Erlang and Network Capacity -- 2.3.8 Voice over IP (VoIP) -- 2.3.9 Quality of Service -- 2.4 Multiple Access -- 2.5 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) -- 2.6 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) -- 2.7 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) -- 2.7.1 DS-CDMA Signal Spreading -- 2.7.2 Orthogonal Codes and Signal Separation -- 2.7.3 PN Sequences -- 2.8 Multipath Propagation and Diversity -- 2.8.1 Soft Handover -- 2.8.2 Fading and Power Control -- 2.9 Protecting the Data -- 2.9.1 Convolution Coding -- 2.9.2 Interleaving -- 2.10 Summary -- 3 GSM Fundamentals -- 3.1 General Architecture -- 3.2 Mobility Management -- 3.3 GSM Air Interface -- 3.3.1 GSM Multiframes -- 3.3.2 Traffic Channel Multiframe -- 3.3.3 Control Channel Multiframe -- 3.3.4 Frames, Multiframes, Superframes and Hyperframes -- 3.4 Timing Advance -- 3.5 Initial Connection Procedure -- 3.6 Protocols and Signalling -- 3.7 GSM and Signalling System 7 -- 3.7.1 Signalling Points -- 3.7.2 Protocol Stack for SS7 Signalling over MTP -- 3.7.3 Address Translation -- 3.7.4 Example of Routing of a Call to a Mobile Subscriber -- 3.7.5 Example of Routing of an SMS Message to a Mobile Subscriber -- 3.8 Summary.

4 General Packet Radio Service -- 4.1 Introduction to GPRS -- 4.2 General Architecture -- 4.3 GPRS Network Elements -- 4.3.1 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) -- 4.3.2 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) -- 4.3.3 Charging Gateway (CG) -- 4.3.4 Lawful Interception Gateway (LIG) -- 4.3.5 Domain Name System (DNS) -- 4.3.6 Border Gateway (BG) -- 4.4 Network Interfaces -- 4.4.1 Network Operation Mode -- 4.5 GPRS Air Interface -- 4.5.1 Resource Sharing -- 4.5.2 Air Interface Coding Schemes -- 4.5.3 Classes of Devices -- 4.5.4 Advantages of GPRS Over the Air -- 4.6 GPRS Protocols -- 4.6.1 Physical and Logical Channels -- 4.6.2 Subnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) -- 4.6.3 Logical Link Control (LLC) -- 4.6.4 Radio Link Control/Media Access Control (RLC/MAC) -- 4.6.5 GPRS Radio Protocol -- 4.6.6 Layer 1 -- 4.7 Gb Interface Protocols -- 4.7.1 Layer 1 Bis -- 4.7.2 Frame Relay -- 4.7.3 Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) -- 4.8 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) -- 4.9 Connection Management -- 4.9.1 Mobility Management -- 4.9.2 Session Management -- 4.9.3 Transparent and Non-transparent Mode -- 4.9.4 Access Point Name (APN) -- 4.9.5 Charging and Billing -- 4.9.6 QoS over the GPRS Network -- 4.10 Connection scenarios -- 4.11 Other Cellular High-Speed Data Technologies -- 4.11.1 High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) -- 4.11.2 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) -- 4.11.3 Modification to RLC/MAC -- 4.11.4 Channel Coding for PDTCH -- 4.11.5 Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy -- 4.11.6 Compact EDGE -- 4.11.7 GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) -- 4.12 Summary -- 5 IP Applications for GPRS/UMTS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 IP Protocol Suite Overview -- 5.2.1 IP Protocol -- 5.2.2 IP Addressing and Routing -- 5.2.3 Address Depletion and CIDR -- 5.2.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) -- 5.2.5 User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

5.2.6 Domain Name Service (DNS) -- 5.2.7 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) -- 5.2.8 IP Summary -- 5.3 IP Routing -- 5.3.1 Dynamic Routing Algorithms -- 5.3.2 Distance Vector Routing Protocol -- 5.3.3 Link State Protocols -- 5.3.4 Other Routing Protocols -- 5.3.5 Exterior Routing Protocols -- 5.4 TCP and Congestion Control -- 5.4.1 Slow Start/Congestion Avoidance -- 5.4.2 Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery (RENO TCP) -- 5.4.3 Drop Tail Buffer Management -- 5.4.4 Random Early Detection (RED) -- 5.5 TCP Optimization for the Air -- 5.6 IP for GPRS and UMTS R99 -- 5.6.1 Reliability and Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) -- 5.6.2 VRRP Virtual MAC Addresses -- 5.6.3 IP Header Compression -- 5.6.4 IP Address Depletion and GPRS -- 5.6.5 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) -- 5.6.6 Network Address Translation (NAT) -- 5.7 IP-based QoS for UMTS Networks -- 5.7.1 QoS Negotiation in UMTS -- 5.7.2 GPRS QoS Parameters -- 5.8 QoS for the GPRS Core Network -- 5.8.1 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) -- 5.8.2 Expedited Forwarding -- 5.8.3 QoS and the Integrated Services (IntServ) -- 5.8.4 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) -- 5.8.5 RSVP for GPRS -- 5.8.6 IntServ versus DiffServ -- 5.9 IP Security -- 5.9.1 Transport Layer Security (TLS) and WAP Security (WTLS) -- 5.9.2 Virtual Private Networks and IP Security (IPSec) -- 5.9.3 Internet Key Exchange (IKE) -- 5.9.4 Security and GPRS -- 5.10 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) -- 5.10.1 The IPv6 Header -- 5.10.2 Traffic Classes -- 5.10.3 Flow Labels -- 5.10.4 The Payload Length Field -- 5.10.5 The Next Header Field -- 5.10.6 The Hop Limit -- 5.10.7 The Source Address -- 5.10.8 The Destination Address -- 5.10.9 IPv6 Address Representation -- 5.10.10 The Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 -- 5.10.11 Dual IP Layer -- 5.10.12 Tunnelling -- 5.11 Serial Line IP (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

5.11.1 LCP Link Establishment -- 5.11.2 PPP Authentication -- 5.11.3 Network Control Protocol (NCP) for IP -- 5.11.4 IP Packet Encapsulation -- 5.11.5 PPP in 3G -- 5.12 Radius Accounting, Authorization and Authentication (AAA) -- 5.12.1 RADIUS Functions -- 5.12.2 RADIUS Authentication and Configuration -- 5.12.3 RADIUS Accounting -- 5.13 Diameter AAA -- 5.13.1 Attribute Value Pairs (AVPs) -- 5.14 Mobile IP -- 5.14.1 Mobile IP Routing -- 5.14.2 Mobile IP Security -- 5.14.3 Route Reverse Tunnelling -- 5.14.4 Route Optimization -- 5.14.5 Mobile IP for IPv6 -- 5.14.6 Foreign Agent Handover and Mobile IP -- 5.14.7 Mobile IP for CDMA2000 -- 5.14.8 Mobile IP for UMTS -- 5.15 Summary -- 6 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System -- 6.1 UMTS Network Architecture -- 6.1.1 WCDMA Base Station (WBTS) -- 6.1.2 Radio Network Controller (RNC) -- 6.1.3 3G Mobile Switching Centre (3G MSC) -- 6.2 Network Evolution -- 6.3 UMTS FDD and TDD -- 6.4 UMTS Bearer Model -- 6.5 UMTS QoS Classes -- 6.6 UTRAN Channels -- 6.6.1 Logical Channels -- 6.6.2 Downlink Transport and Physical Channels -- 6.6.3 Uplink Transport and Physical Channels -- 6.7 Radio Resource Management (RRM) -- 6.7.1 Admission Control -- 6.7.2 Packet Scheduler -- 6.7.3 Load Control -- 6.7.4 Handover Control -- 6.7.5 Power Control -- 6.8 WCDMA Physical Layer -- 6.8.1 Physical Layer Procedures -- 6.8.2 Data Protection -- 6.8.3 Radio Frame Segmentation and Rate Matching -- 6.8.4 Spreading -- 6.8.5 Modulation and Transmission -- 6.8.6 Common Channels -- 6.8.7 Dedicated Physical Channels -- 6.9 Initial Connection to Network -- 6.9.1 Synchronization Procedures -- 6.9.2 Slot Synchronization -- 6.9.3 Frame Synchronization -- 6.9.4 Scrambling Code Identification -- 6.9.5 Random Access Procedure -- 6.10 Compressed Mode -- 6.11 Downlink Transmit Diversity Techniques -- 6.11.1 Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD).

6.11.2 Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD) -- 6.11.3 Site Selection Diversity Transmit (SSDT) -- 6.11.4 Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity -- 6.12 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture -- 6.12.1 Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC) -- 6.12.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) -- 6.12.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) -- 6.12.4 Media Access Control (MAC) -- 6.12.5 MAC and Physical Layer Interaction -- 6.13 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) CODEC -- 6.14 Calculated Transport Format Combinations -- 6.15 Use of DSCH -- 6.16 Radio Resource Control (RRC) -- 6.16.1 RRC Mobile States -- 6.16.2 UTRAN UE Identifiers -- 6.16.3 RRC Connection -- 6.16.4 Signalling Radio Bearers -- 6.16.5 RRC Security Mode Control -- 6.16.6 RRC Paging -- 6.16.7 Radio Bearer Establishment -- 6.16.8 Transfer of NAS Messages -- 6.16.9 Cell/URA Update -- 6.16.10 Measurement Reporting -- 6.16.11 Active Set Update -- 6.17 Broadcast System Information -- 6.17.1 Master Information Block (MIB) -- 6.17.2 System Information Block 1 -- 6.17.3 System Information Block 2 -- 6.17.4 System Information Block 3 -- 6.17.5 System Information Block 5 -- 6.17.6 System Information Block 7 -- 6.17.7 System Information Block 11 -- 6.18 Frame Protocols -- 6.18.1 Dedicated User Data on the Iub/Iur Interface -- 6.18.2 User Data on Iub Common Channels -- 6.18.3 User Data on Iur Common Channels -- 6.18.4 User Data on the Iu Interface -- 6.18.5 Control Procedures -- 6.19 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) -- 6.19.1 Iub Interface -- 6.19.2 Node B Application Part (NBAP) -- 6.19.3 Iur Interface -- 6.19.4 Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP) -- 6.19.5 Iu Interface -- 6.19.6 Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) -- 6.19.7 Broadband SS7 -- 6.20 Mobility Management for Packet Switched Operation -- 6.20.1 PMM-Detached -- 6.20.2 PMM-Idle -- 6.20.3 PMM-Connected -- 6.21 UMTS Security Architecture.

6.21.1 User Identity Confidentiality.