Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface and acknowledgements -- Table of cases -- Table of treaties and other international instruments -- 1 The historical regulation of internal armed conflict -- The customary laws of war and belligerent practice -- Traditional international law and the recognition of belligerency -- State practice and the recognition of belligerency -- Humanitarian rules of armed conflict prior to the 1949 Geneva Conventions -- The development of humanitarian law for internal armed conflict -- The development of Red Cross interest -- The path to the Conventions of 1949 -- The drafting history of common Article 3 -- 2 Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions -- Scope of application -- The elements of internal armed conflict -- Organisation of the insurgents -- Governmental use of armed forces -- Recognition of belligerency -- A definition at last? -- The upper threshold -- The binding nature of common Article 3 for insurgents -- The content of common Article 3 -- Humane treatment -- The right of humanitarian initiative -- Special agreements -- Effect on legal status -- Common Article 3 in practice -- Algeria -- The Congo -- Biafra -- General State practice -- 3 Additional Protocol II of 1977 -- The drafting process of Additional Protocol II -- The binding nature of Protocol II for insurgents -- Scope of application -- The relationship between Additional Protocol II and common Article 3 -- The parties to the conflict -- Territorial control and the nature of hostilities -- Ability to implement the Protocol -- The content of Additional Protocol II -- Humane treatment -- Fundamental guarantees -- Persons whose liberty is restricted -- Penal prosecutions -- The wounded, sick and shipwrecked -- The civilian population -- Additional Protocol II in practice -- El Salvador -- Rwanda.

Bosnia-Herzegovina -- Chechnya -- 4 Customary international law and internal armed conflict -- The Tadic jurisprudence -- Approach of the Tribunal -- Rules protecting the civilian population from hostilities -- Rules regarding means and methods of warfare -- Crimes against humanity -- Attack on a civilian population -- Discriminatory intent and motive -- Individual criminal responsibility -- The Statute of the International Criminal Court: confirming custom -- Crimes against humanity -- War crimes -- The principle of individual criminal responsibility -- Criminal responsibility and official capacity -- Superior orders -- Contribution of the Tadic Case to international law -- 5 Human rights during internal armed conflict -- Human rights and humanitarian law -- Human rights law and common Article 3 -- Humane treatment -- Non-discrimination -- Violence to life and person -- The taking of hostages -- Judicial guarantees -- Human rights protection of civilians beyond common Article 3 -- Human rights law and Additional Protocol II -- THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, -- Fundamental guarantees -- Humane treatment -- Violence to life and person -- Rights of the child -- Persons whose liberty has been restricted -- Penal prosecutions -- Remaining provisions of Additional Protocol II -- 6 Implementation and enforcement of the laws of internal armed conflict -- Sanctions against lawbreakers -- Individual criminal responsibility -- Belligerent reprisals -- Alternative means of securing compliance -- Dissemination -- Measures taken by third parties -- Other High Contracting Parties -- The International Committee of the Red Cross -- The United Nations -- Enforcement of human rights law -- United Nations enforcement and supervision -- Regional human rights enforcement -- The European system -- The Inter-American system -- The African system.

Problems with the enforcement of human rights during internal armed conflict -- Summary and conclusions -- Bibliography -- Index.