Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations of Frequently Cited Sources -- Introduction -- PROFESSIONALS AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS IN REPUBLICAN CHINA -- PROFESSIONALIZATION IN REPUBLICAN CHINA -- STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONSHIP IN REPUBLICAN CHINA -- Part I PROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONALS -- 1 Professions in Early-Twentieth-Century Shanghai -- MODERN SECTORS OF SHANGHAI'S ECONOMY -- Commerce -- Manufacturing -- Banking, Finance, and Insurance -- Transportation and Communications -- Professional Employees in Shanghai's Modern Sectors -- LAW, MEDICINE, AND JOURNALISM IN SHANGHAI -- Judicial System -- Medicine -- Journalism -- The Professional Community in Shanghai -- 2 Professionals as Urban Middle Class -- THE LIFE OF PROFESSIONALS -- Professional Income -- Income of Other Social Groups -- Living Cost in Shanghai -- Culture and Life-Style -- THE CAREER AND IDENTITY OF PROFESSIONALS -- Education and Career -- Social Identity and Political Role -- Conclusion to Part I -- Part II SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, STATE ACTIONS, AND PROFESSIONALIZATION -- 3 The Republican State and Urban Associations -- URBAN ASSOCIATIONS IN LATE QING SHANGHAI -- URBAN ASSOCIATIONS IN THE BEIYANG PERIOD -- Urban Associations in the Early Years of the Republic -- Yuan Shikai's Efforts to Control Voluntary Associations -- Warlord Regimes after Yuan Shikai -- The Weakness of the Beiyang Government -- URBAN ASSOCIATIONS IN THE NANJING DECADE -- A Changed Political Environment -- The Framework of State Control over Society -- The GMD Control in Shanghai -- The Limits of State Control -- 4 The Republican State and the Legal Profession -- THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN THE BEIYANG PERIOD -- The Regulations on Lawyers -- The Supervision of the Legal Profession -- Restrictions on Lawyers -- Judges and Courts.

An Evaluation of the Beiyang Regimes -- THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN THE NANJING DECADE -- The Legitimacy of the Legal Profession -- Regulations on Lawyers -- Restrictions on Lawyers -- The GMD Political Agenda in Judicial Reform -- 5 The Republican State and the Medical Profession -- MEDICINE IN THE BEIYANG PERIOD -- Native Medicine in Shanghai -- Western-Style Doctors in Shanghai -- The Beiyang Government and Medicine -- First Attempt at Medical Regulation -- The Shanghai Authorities and Medicine -- MEDICINE IN THE NANJING DECADE -- The Regulation of Medicine -- The Health Administration in Shanghai -- Government Regulation and Western-Style Doctors -- GMD Regulation of Medical Associations -- Chinese State and the Foreign Concessions -- Conclusion to Part II -- Part III PROFESSIONALISM, NATIONALISM, AND POLITICS -- 6 From "Literary Men" to Professionals -- JOURNALISM AND JOURNALISTS IN SHANGHAI -- Obstacles for Journalistic Professionalization -- Publishers as the Vanguard of Journalistic Enterprise -- FROM "LITERARY MEN" TO PROFESSIONALS -- The Birth of the Shanghai Journalists Association -- The SJA's Inaction toward Censorship -- The Founding of the New SJA -- Toward Professionalization -- FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE JOURNALISTIC PROFESSION -- GMD Censorship -- Freedom of Speech as a Professional Concern -- 7 National Essence versus Science -- NATIVE MEDICINE ON THE DEFENSIVE -- The Assault on Native Medicine -- Justifications for Abolishing Native Medicine -- NATIONAL ESSENCE VERSUS SCIENCE -- The Response of Native Medical Associations -- The Advantages of Native Physicians -- TOWARD THE TRIUMPH OF NATIVE MEDICINE -- A New Round in the Fight -- Native Physicians' New Strategy -- The Final Legitimation of Native Medicine -- 8 Professionalism and Nationalism -- THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SHANGHAI BAR -- The Genesis -- The Membership -- Growing Pains.

THE EFFORTS AT PROFESSIONALIZATION -- The Status of the Shanghai Bar -- Protection of Professional Rights -- THE SHANGHAI BAR AND THE RENDITION OF THE MIXED COURTS -- The Issue of the Mixed Courts -- The Shanghai Bar in Action -- Problems after the Rendition of the Mixed Court -- Further Recovery of Judicial Rights -- 9 Professionalism and Politics -- BETWEEN PROFESSIONALISM AND POLITICS -- Professional Purpose over Political Impulse -- Political Actions through a Surrogate -- Professional Autonomy and Political Control -- Professional Concerns and Political Implications -- INTO THE POLITICS OF NATIONAL SALVATION -- A Turning Point for the SBA -- Professional Duty and Political Alienation -- The GMD Response -- The SBA Adjustment -- Conclusion to Part III -- Conclusion -- SYMBIOTIC DYNAMICS IN THE STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONSHIP -- SYNTHESIS OF URBAN SOCIETY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE STATE -- FROM REPUBLICAN CHINA TO POST-MAO CHINA -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- INTERVIEWS -- ARCHIVAL MATERIALS -- CHINESE NEWSPAPERS AND JOURNALS -- CHINESE GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS -- CHINESE YEARBOOKS AND SOURCE COLLECTIONS -- DOCUMENTS AND BOOKS IN CHINESE AND JAPANESE -- YEARBOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, AND JOURNALS IN ENGLISH -- WORKS IN ENGLISH AND FRENCH -- Index.