Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- FIGURES -- PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONVENTIONS -- (i) Conventions for Chinese -- (ii) Conventions for English -- (iii) Conventions for Japanese -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1 The framework -- 1.1 Aims of this book -- 1.2 The theory of grammar and of language use -- 1.2.1 Meaning and grammar -- 1.2.2 Polysemy, homonymy, monosemy -- 1.2.3 Meaning and use -- 1.2.4 Subjectivity, intersubjectivity, objectivity -- 1.3 Semantic change -- 1.3.1 Mechanisms of semantic change: metaphorization, metonymization -- 1.3.2 The Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change model of semantic change -- 1.4 Child vs. adult acquisition in semantic change -- 1.5 The hypothesis that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny -- 1.6 The nature of evidence for semantic change -- 1.6.1 The validity of written data -- 1.6.2 The language and data sources for this book -- 1.7 Summary and outline of later chapters -- 2 Prior and current work on semantic change -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Backgrounds to contemporary work -- 2.2.1 Bréal -- 2.2.2 The early twentieth century -- 2.2.3 Semantic fields -- 2.3 Major contemporary issues -- 2.3.1 Metaphor -- 2.3.2 Metonymy and invited inference -- 2.3.3 Grammaticalization and unidirectionality -- 2.3.4 Subjectification and intersubjectification -- 2.3.5 Historical pragmatics -- 2.4 Conclusion -- 3 The development of modal verbs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Some more detailed distinctions relevant to deontic and epistemic modality -- 3.2.1 Subjects of modals -- 3.2.2 Conceptual sources -- 3.2.3 Generalized deontic and epistemic necessity and possibility -- 3.2.4 Scope -- 3.2.5 (Inter)subjectivity -- 3.2.6 Temporality -- 3.2.7 Scales of modal strength -- 3.3 Semantic sources of deontic and epistemic modals -- 3.4 The development of epistemic meaning -- 3.4.1 English must.

3.4.2 English ought to -- 3.4.3 Chinese de -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4 The development of adverbials with discourse marker function -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Discourse markers -- 4.3 The development of discourse markers signaling local connectivity -- 4.3.1 English indeed -- 4.3.2 English in fact -- 4.3.3 English actually -- 4.3.4 Comparison of the three adverbials -- 4.4 Subjectification and intersubjectification -- 4.4.1 English well -- 4.4.2 English let's -- 4.5 The development of a discourse marker signaling global connectivity: Japanese sate -- Stage I: sate: "thus" -- Stage II: sate: connection between p (as a whole) and q -- Stage III: sate: scene-shifter -- Stage IV: sate: exclamation (and hedge) -- Stage V: sate: epistolary formula -- 4.6 Conclusion -- 5 The development of performative verbs and constructions -- 5.1 Speech act and performative verbs -- 5.2 Some issues for studies of the development of performative verbs -- 5.3 Precursors of performative verbs -- 5.4 The development of performative function -- 5.4.1 Some directives: PROMISE in English -- 5.4.2 A declarative: Chinese bao -- 5.4.3 Another declarative: Japanese aisatu -- 5.5 On the recruitment of modals for performative uses -- 5.6 Conclusion -- 6 The development of social deictics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Some more detailed distinctions relevant to honorifics -- 6.2.1 Referent and addressee honorifics -- 6.2.2 Politeness and honorific social deictics -- 6.2.3 A model of deixis -- 6.3 Classes of honorifics and patterns of semantic change in Japanese -- 6.4 The development of referent social deictic function -- 6.4.1 Japanese kudasaru "RESP: give to SP/W (group)" -- StageI: kudasaru: "send down" -- Stage II: kudasaru: "RESP: give" -- 6.4.2 English pray (ADV) -- 6.4.3 English please (ADV) -- 6.5 The development of predicate addressee honorifics in Japanese.

6.5.1 Japanese saburahu "HUMIL:be" > "be:POL" -- Stage I: saburahu: "wait on" -- Stage II: saburahu: referent honorific -- Stage III: saburahu "addressee honorific" -- 6.6 Conclusion -- 7 Conclusion -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Summary of major findings -- 7.3 Directions for future work -- PRIMARY REFERENCES -- SECONDARY REFERENCES -- INDEX OF LANGUAGES -- INDEX OF NAMES -- GENERAL INDEX.