Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Illustrations -- MAPS -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Tables and Maps -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Communal languages as ensembles of I-languages -- 1.2 Pidgins, creoles, and koinés -- 1.3 Language evolution -- 1.4 Thinking of a language as a species -- 1.5 What is the ecology of language? -- 2 The Founder Principle in the development of creoles -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The development of creoles: what the histories of individual colonies suggest -- 2.2.1 A brief survey of approaches to the development of creoles -- 2.2.2 The koiné lexifiers of creoles -- 2.2.3 Normal, uninterrupted language transmission and the development of creoles -- 2.2.4 The post-homestead phase and the varying basilectalization phase -- 2.2.5 Continuity from lexifiers to creoles -- 2.2.6 Diversity in the selection of features -- 2.2.7 Summary -- 2.3 Evidence for the Founder Principle -- 2.3.1 Ethnographic considerations -- 2.3.2 Structural considerations -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 3 The development of American Englishes: factoring contact in and the social bias out -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Why are WAEVs (White American English Vernaculars) not creoles? -- 3.3 The development of AAE (African-American English) -- 3.3.1 A critique of the literature -- 3.3.2 What history suggests: a Feature-Competition Hypothesis -- 3.4 The development of WAEVs: a creole perspective -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 4 The legitimate and illegitimate offspring of English -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 An insidious naming tradition -- 4.3 How language contact has been downplayed -- 4.4 The development of English in England: when does substrate infiuence matter? -- 4.5 The significance of ethnographic ecology -- 4.6 Mutual intelligibility and the contact history of English -- 4.7 The cost of capitalizing on mutual intelligibility.

4.8 In conclusion -- 5 What research on development of creoles can contribute to genetic linguistics -- 5.1 Preliminaries -- 5.2 Some noteworthy facts on the development of creoles -- 5.2.1 Creoles did not develop more rapidly than other languages -- 5.2.2 Creoles were not created by children -- 5.2.3 Creoles were not lexified by standard varieties -- 5.2.4 Some features of creoles and the like originated in the substrate languages -- 5.2.5 The important, though nonexclusive, role of the lexifier in the selection of creoles' structural features -- 5.2.6 No nonordinary explanations are needed for the development of creoles -- 5.2.7 Creoles developed by the same competition-and-selection process as other vernaculars -- 5.2.8 The Founder Principle accounts for an important proportion of creoles' structures -- 5.3 Ecology and linguistic evolution -- 5.4 "Creolization" as a social process -- 5.5 The role of contact in the histories of English and French -- 5.6 Language as a species: whence the significance of variation -- 5.7 Some conclusions -- 6 Language contact, evolution, and death: how ecology rolls the dice -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Languages as a species -- 6.3 The ecology of language -- 6.3.1 A species-external interpretation of ecology: an ethnographic perspective -- 6.3.2 A species-internal interpretation of ecology -- 6.3.3 Another species-external interpretation of ecology: a structural perspective -- 6.4 In conclusion, how history repeats itself -- 7 Past and recent population movements in Africa: their impact on its linguistic landscape -- 7.1 Preliminaries -- 7.1.1 Diverse consequences of language contact -- 7.1.2 What this chapter adds to the extant literature -- 7.1.3 Adding time depth to the ecological approach -- 7.1.4 A creole-inspired approach -- 7.2 The linguistic impact of European colonization.

7.2.1 Pidgins and creoles in Africa -- 7.2.2 New " native" European vernaculars -- 7.2.3 Indigenized European language varieties -- 7.2.4 Indigenous lingua francas at the service of the masses and of the colonizers -- 7.2.5 Other, perhaps less indigenous, contact languages -- 7.2.6 A brief transition -- 7.2.7 European colonization: a linguistic assessment -- 7.3 Population movements and language contacts in precolonial Africa -- 7.3.1 Nilotic migrations southwards -- 7.3.2 The Arabian colonization of Africa -- 7.4 The linguistic consequences of Black populations' precolonial dispersal -- 7.4.1 Background -- 7.4.2 The Bantu colonization of Central and Southern Africa -- 7.4.3 The relevance of communalism to language evolution -- 7.5 Conclusions: the differentiating role of ecology -- 8 Conclusions: the big picture -- 8.1 From the development of creoles to language evolution from a population genetics perspective -- 8.2 Language vitality and endangerment as aspects of language evolution -- 8.3 Integration and segregation as key ecological factors in language evolution -- 8.4 Colonization styles and language evolution -- 8.5 Overall... -- Notes -- PREFACE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE FOUNDER PRINCIPLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREOLES -- 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN ENGLISHES: FACTORING CONTACT IN AND THE SOCIAL BIAS OUT -- 4 THE LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE OFFSPRING OF ENGLISH -- 5 WHAT RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF CREOLES CAN CONTRIBUTE TO GENETIC LINGUISTICS -- 6 LANGUAGE CONTACT, EVOLUTION, AND DEATH: HOW ECOLOGY ROLLS THE DICE -- 7 PAST AND RECENT POPULATION MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA: THEIR IMPACT ON ITS LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE -- 8 CONCLUSIONS:THE BIG PICTURE -- References -- Author index -- Subject index.