Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Notes on the contributors -- Preface and acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- Introductory overview -- Protecting the polar marine environment: interplay of regulatory frameworks -- AREAS DEALT WITH IN THIS BOOK -- THE ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC REGIONS: SIMILARITIES AND CONTRASTS -- Contrasting features -- Sharing polar conditions -- STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK: INTERPLAY OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS -- I Levels of regulation in the protection of the polar marine environment -- 1 Globalism and regionalism in the protection of the marine environment -- GLOBALISM AND REGIONALISM IN THE LAW OF THE SEA -- Regionalism in the pre-UNCLOS III law of the sea -- Regionalism in the LOS Convention -- Regionalism in Part XII of the LOS Convention -- The restrictive model of regionalism -- The liberal model of regionalism -- The limits of regionalism: conclusions -- WHAT IS A 'REGION'? -- Attempts at definition -- The Antarctic as a marine region -- The Arctic as a marine region -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REGIONALISM -- Political uses of regionalism -- Advantages of regionalism -- Disadvantages of regionalism -- CONCLUSIONS -- 2 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the polar marine environment -- APPLICABILITY OF THE LOS CONVENTION TO THE POLAR OCEANS -- NAVIGATION AND THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- ENCLOSED OR SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS: PART IX -- PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: PART XII -- PART XII AND CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- General provisions -- Cooperation of states -- Sources of pollution -- Other issues -- PART XII AND THE POLAR OCEANS -- SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES: PART XV -- FINAL REMARKS -- 3 Global environmental protection instruments and the polar marine environment.

MARINE POLLUTION CONVENTIONS AND THE POLAR OCEANS -- INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF SHIP-SOURCED POLLUTION -- The prevention of pollution by oil -- Control of other forms of ship-sourced pollution -- Assessment -- INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF DUMPING AT SEA -- The 1972 London Convention -- Assessment -- INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF LAND-BASED POLLUTION -- Assessment -- INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF MARITIME EMERGENCIES -- The 1969 Intervention Convention -- Assessment -- The 1990 Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation Convention -- Assessment -- International Code of Safety for Ships in Polar Waters -- MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTED AREAS -- The 1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage -- Assessment -- The 1989 Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes -- Assessment -- The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity -- Assessment -- OTHER GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE POLAR MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- The 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change -- Assessment -- The 1986 Nuclear Accident Conventions -- INTERACTION BETWEEN GLOBAL CONVENTIONS AND REGIONAL REGIMES FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- 4 The polar marine environment in regional cooperation -- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE PROCESSES FOR POLAR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: THE DECADE OF CHANGE -- The Antarctic -- The Arctic -- Possibilities of mutual insight and communication -- APPROACHES TO POLAR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN REGIONAL COOPERATION -- Enhanced prevention -- Environmental protection standards and special polar conditions -- Area of application -- Assessment -- CONCLUSIONS: A PARADOX OF SIMILARITIES OR A CONSEQUENCE OF DIFFERENCES? -- 5 Protection of the Antarctic environment against marine pollution under the 1991 Protocol -- MARINE POLLUTION IN THE ANTARCTIC.

Legal framework for marine pollution in the Antarctic -- MARINE POLLUTION LAW IN THE 1991 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTOCOL -- Pollution from mineral or hydrocarbon exploitation -- Committee for Environmental Protection -- Enforcement -- THE ANNEXES -- Annex I: environmental impact assessment -- Annex II: conservation of Antarctic fauna and flora -- Annex III: waste disposal and waste management -- Annex IV: prevention of marine pollution -- Annex V: area protection and management -- Liability for marine pollution -- THE BALANCE SHEET -- 6 Sub-regional cooperation and protection of the Arctic marine environment: the Barents Sea -- SUB-REGIONAL COLLABORATION IN THE BARENTS REGION: EFFECTIVENESS CONCERNS -- Layers of regionality -- A sub-region of what? Linkages to other levels of cooperation -- THREATS TO THE BARENTS SEA MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- Land-based activities -- Dumping -- Offshore activity -- Vessel-source pollution -- Challenges ahead -- MANAGING THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: SUB-REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS -- Normative contributions -- Structural contributions -- Programmatic contributions -- CONCLUSIONS: EFFECTIVENESS OF SUB-REGIONAL COOPERATION IN THE BARENTS SEA -- 7 Domestic perspectives and regulations in protecting the polar marine environment: Australia, Canada and the United States -- CANADA AND THE ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- The Manhattan incident -- Responses to the Law of the Sea Convention -- The Polar Sea incident -- Canada's response to the AEPS -- Relevant Canadian legislation -- THE UNITED STATES AND THE ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- US Arctic policy -- US Arctic interests -- US Arctic conservation and protection laws -- Canada and the United States in protecting the Arctic marine environment: final remarks -- AUSTRALIA AND THE ANTARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- Australia's Antarctic maritime claims.

Australia and the 1991 Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty -- THE UNITED STATES AND THE ANTARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- US Antarctic security interests -- Environmental protection -- US scientific interests and environmental protection -- Australia and the United States in protecting the Antarctic marine environment: final remarks -- POLAR STATES AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: CONCLUSIONS -- II Current trends and issues in protecting the polar marine environment -- 8 Land-based marine pollution and the Arctic: polarities between principles and practice -- CRISES IN ARTIC SEAS -- Land-based activities in the Arctic -- Long-range transport of hazardous substances from land-based sources outside the Arctic -- Global climate change and ozone depletion threats -- GOBAL INSTRUMENTS ADDRESSING LAND-BASED MARINE POLLUTION -- The 1998 Convention on Prior Informed Consent -- Global POPs Convention Initiative -- The Global Programme of Action -- EXTRA-REGIONAL EFFORTS ADDRESSING LAND-BASED POLLUTION -- Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) -- Heavy Metals Protocol -- Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context -- North American Sound Management of Chemicals Initiative -- REGIONAL SEA AGREEMENTS RELEVANT TO LAND-BASED POLLUTION OF THE ARCTIC -- The 1992 Paris Convention -- The 1992 Helsinki Convention -- ARTIC REGIONAL INITIATIVES ADDRESSING LAND-BASED POLLUTION AND ACTIVITIES -- Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy -- PAME Working Group -- Arctic Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines -- Regional Programme of Action for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities -- The Arctic Council -- CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- 9 Radioactive waste in the Barents and Kara Seas: Russian implementation of the global dumping regime -- THE PROBLEM OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE.

THE GLOBAL DUMPING REGIME -- IMPLEMENTING THE DUMPING REGIME: THE RUSSIAN CASE -- The politics of publicity -- Assessing the hazards -- Regulating dumping -- Enhancing compliance -- CONCLUSIONS -- 10 Regulation of navigation and vessel-source pollution in the Northern Sea Route: Article 234 and state practice -- THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE: LEGAL CONTROVERSY -- RUSSIAN REGULATION: NON-COMPLIANCE WITH, OR INTERPRETATION OF, ARTICLE 234? -- Legislation governing vessel-source pollution within the Arctic EEZ: 'due regard to navigation' -- Area of application: 'ice-covered' and 'adjacent marine areas' -- Specially protected areas -- Non-discriminatory laws and regulations -- Application to state vessels -- Civil liability and compensation -- Criminal responsibility -- PRACTICE OF THE USA AND OTHER STATES IN RUSSIAN ARCTIC WATERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- 11 The emerging International Polar Navigation Code: bi-polar relevance? -- NAVIGATING IN POLAR WATERS -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES -- THE HARMONISATION PROCESS AND DEVELOPMENTS -- KEY ELEMENTS OF THE POLAR CODE -- ARCTIC ISSUES -- ANTARCTIC ISSUES -- ASSESSING THE POTENTIALS OF THE POLAR CODE -- CONCLUSIONS AND THE FUTURE -- Index of international instruments and national legislation -- Treaties and other international instruments -- National legislation -- Australia -- Canada -- Russia/Soviet Union -- United States -- Subject index.