Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Table of cases -- International Court of Justice -- Arbitral awards -- WTO Appellate Body reports -- European Court of Justice -- Selected United States Cases -- Selected cases of other national courts -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Transboundary resources: delineating the challenges -- The endogenous evolution of cooperation in small-scale common pool resources -- The inefficiency and inequity of national command and control institutions -- Internationalizing the management of natural resources -- The objectives of this book -- 2 The need for collective action in the management of transboundary resources -- Sovereignty, political borders and transboundary commons: the ingredients of tragedies -- Nature, markets, and the state system -- The theory of collective action applied to transboundary resources -- The logic in practice -- Regional institutions for collective action: conclusions for an international agenda -- 3 States as collective actors -- What motivates states? -- Absolute or relative gains? -- International or transnational competition? -- Shifting paradigms: from Westphalia to the transnational conflict paradigm -- The systemic failures of Westphalia: efficiency, democracy, human rights, and social welfare -- Efficiency -- Democracy -- Human rights -- Social welfare -- Conclusions: The normative implications of the transnational conflict paradigm -- 4 The transnational conflict paradigm: structural failures and responses -- The systemic failures of Westphalia -- Treaty negotiation and ratification -- Ensuring treaty durability -- Providing escape clauses for unilateral defections -- A voice in international law-making -- Stock taking -- Transnational institutions as a response -- A definition.

Institutions and the emergence of collective action: a general theory -- Transnational institutions and democracy -- Setting up institutions -- 5 Transnational institutions for transboundary ecosystem management: defining the tasks and the constraints -- The tasks of transnational ecosystem institutions -- The subject matter to be managed: natural resources, conflicting claims, and risks -- Natural resources management -- Demand management -- Risk management -- The beneficiaries of transnational ecosystem institutions -- Normative constraints on transnational ecosystem institutions -- Meeting the tasks and the constraints through privatization? -- Conclusion: transnational ecosystem institutions as a remedy for market failures -- 6 The structure and procedure of institutions for transboundary ecosystem management -- Introduction -- The structure of transnational ecosystem institutions -- Supremacy of institutional policies -- Integration cum delegation of authority: the case for subsidiarity -- Decision-making procedures -- Flexibility and mutuality -- Data collection, analysis, and dissemination -- Public participation -- Control of the agenda -- Review procedures -- Institution formation and reformation -- Conclusion -- 7 The development of positive international law on transboundary ecosystems: a critical analysis -- Law at the crossroads of two clashing philosophies -- Negotiation-enhancing norms -- Definition of allocation criteria: vague standards versus clear rules -- Needs versus nature in the analysis of entitlements -- Definition of the subject-matter: comprehensiveness versus particularism -- Definition of entitlements: shared versus privately owned resources -- Identifying the stakes: the triumph of the human over the statist dimension -- Identifying the goals of negotiations:dispute settlement versus establishment of institutions.

Institution-enhancing norms -- Supremacy of institutional policies -- Ensuring the flexibility of institutions -- Norms concerning the operation of the institutions -- Data collection and dissemination -- Public participation -- Representation of minorities -- Subsidiarity -- Conclusion -- 8 Efficiency, custom, and the evolution of international law on transboundary resources -- Introduction -- Customary international law as a proxy for efficiency -- Custom and market failures -- Judicial findings on efficiency -- Efficiency and the contemporary crisis of customary law -- Efficiency, equity and fairness: contradiction or affinity? -- Equity as discretion -- Equity as an efficient incentive -- Efficiency, human rights, and self-determination -- Concluding observations -- 9 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.