Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- General Introduction -- I Pragmatism as an Environmental Philosophy -- 1 The Constancy of Leopold's Land Ethic -- I -- II -- III -- IV -- NOTES -- LITERATURE CITED -- 2 Thoreau and Leopold on Science and Values -- THOREAU'S TRANSFORMATIVE VALUES -- THE DYNAMICS OF NATURE AND THE DYNAMICS OF CONSCIOUSNESS -- THE ENVIRONMENTALISTS' DILEMMA REVISITED -- THOREAU'S SCIENCE -- ALDO LEOPOLD AND SCIENTIFIC CONTEXTUALISM -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 3 Integration or Reduction -- INTRODUCTION: THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICISTS IN POLICY PROCESS -- PART 1: MONISM AND THE MISSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS -- Callicott's Dilemma -- Non-Anthropocentrism and the Land Ethic -- The Scope of Environmental Ethics -- Ontology and Epistemology -- PART 2: AN ALTERNATIVE TO ONTOLOGY -- Nature as a Multi-Scalar, Open System -- A Tri-Scalar Model -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- 4 Convergence Corroborated -- NOTES -- 5 Pragmatism, Adaptive Management, and Sustainability -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. 'CONFORM' VERSUS 'TRANSFORM' THEORIES OF TRUTH -- 2. OBJECTIVITY, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY -- 3. PRAGMATISM AND SUSTAINABILITY THEORY -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- II Science, Policy, and Policy Science -- 6 What Is a Conservation Biologist? -- 7 Biological Resources and Endangered Species -- THREE PHASES IN THE PROTECTION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES -- Phase 1: Single-Species Protection (1800-1980) -- Phase 2: Biodiversity (1980-1988) -- Phase 3: Sustainability of Ecosystem Health (1988-present) -- WHY WE NEED THE (ANACHRONISTIC) ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT -- APPLYING THE U.S. EXPERIENCE TO GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 8 Leopold as Practical Moralist and Pragmatic Policy Analyst -- NOTES -- 9 Improving Ecological Communication.

INTRODUCTION: DO WE NEED NEW TERMINOLOGY FOR ECOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION? -- PART 1. ECOLOGY'S COMMUNICATION PROBLEM -- PART 2. SERIAL THINKING VERSUS INTEGRATED THINKING IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH -- PART 3. THE IMPACT OF ECOLOGISTS ON POLICY: THE CASE OF WETLANDS -- PART 4. SCALING AND VALUING IN SCIENCE AND POLICY -- PART 5. SOME CHARACTERSTICS OF AN INTEGRATED LANGUAGE OF MANAGEMENT -- 1. Adaptive Management -- 2. Perspective and Place -- 3. Multiscalar Modeling -- 4. Operationalizable Terms -- 5. Normative Content -- 6. Communication Enhancement -- CONCLUSION: DO WE NEED NEW TERMINOLOGY? -- LITERATURE CITED -- III Economics and Environmental Sustainability -- 10 Sustainability, Human Welfare, and Ecosystem Health -- PART I. SUSTAINABILITY AND HUMAN WELFARE -- PART II. A CLASSIFICATION OF RISKS -- PART III. SCIENTIFIC CONTEXTUALISM -- PART IV. HEALTH, INTEGRITY, AND SUSTAINABILITY -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 11 Economists' Preferences and the Preferences of Economists -- INTRODUCTION -- I. ECONOMICS AND THE STUDY OF PREFERENCES -- II. CONSUMER SOVEREIGNTY -- 1. The Competitive Advantage Argument -- 2. The Direction-of-Analysis Argument -- 3. The Value Neutrality Argument -- 4. The Democracy Argument -- 5. The Positivist/Emotivist Argument -- III. CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 12 Evaluating Ecosystem States -- 1. INTRODUCTION: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND ANALYSIS: A SHARED CRISIS -- 2. DEFINITIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY LOCATE A PARADIGMATIC SPLIT IN POLICY MODELS -- 3. COMPETING PARADIGMS -- 4. A NEUTRAL CONCEPTUAL GEOGRAPHY -- 5. THE EXTRAPARADIGMATIC DEBATE ANALYSED -- 6. CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 13 Sustainability -- I. INTRODUCTION: ECOLOGISTS, ECONOMISTS, AND THE SEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE POLICIES -- II. REVERSIBILITY AND SUBSTITUTABILITY -- III. VALUES, VALUATION, AND ACCOUNTING -- IV. A TWO-TIER DECISION MODEL.

V. SCALE-SENSITIVE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES -- VI. CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 14 The Evolution of Preferences -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FIXED TASTES, PREFERENCES, AND CONSUMER SOVEREIGNTY -- 3. FOUR DEGREES OF CONSUMER SOVEREIGNTY -- 3.1. Degree 1: Unchanging Preferences -- 3.2. Degree 2: Preferences as Given -- 3.3. Degree 3: Consumer Sovereignty as Commitment to Democracy -- 3.4. Degree 4: Democratic Preference Change -- 4. HOW PREFERENCES CHANGE -- 5. A COEVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR PREFERENCE FORMATION -- 6. CULTURAL VERSUS GENETIC EVOLUTION -- 7. PROSPECTIVE: VALUES AND THE FUTURE -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- IV Scaling Sustainability -- 15 Context and Hierarchy in Aldo Leopold's Theory of Environmental Management -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 16 Scale and Biodiversity Policy -- INTRODUCTION -- A THEORY OF SCALE FOR BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION -- Scale and Biodiversity Policy -- WHOLE ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT -- AUTOPOIETIC SYSTEMS -- THE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES AND NOTES -- 17 Ecological Integrity and Social Values -- INTRODUCTION: THE SEARCH FOR A TRANSDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE OF SUSTAINABILITY -- ADAPTIVE MODELING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS -- INTEGRATING ECOLOGY AND ECONOMICS: CURRENT APPROACHES -- ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AS PROBLEMS OF SCALE -- HOLLING'S PANARCHY AS A SCALE-SENSITIVE MODEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS -- DEFINING INTEGRITY -- SPATIO-TEMPORAL INTEGRITY AS A GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY -- WIN-WIN STRATEGIES IN A MULTISCALAR SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 18 Change, Constancy, and Creativity -- I. TWO ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE "OLD ECOLOGY" -- A. The Argument from Constant Change -- B. The Argument against Grand Theory -- C. Responses to the Arguments of the New Ecology -- II. RE-THINKING ECOLOGICAL CONSTANCY -- III. ORGANICISM: WEAK AND STRONG VERSIONS.

IV. RESPONDING TO ORGANICISM -- NOTES -- 19 Democracy and Sense of Place Values in Environmental Policy -- AN EXAMPLE -- CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSE OF PLACE VALUES -- Conditional Transferability -- Locality -- Cultural Constitutivity -- Pervasiveness -- Partial Measurability -- A CLASSIFICATION OF PLACE-RELATIVE VALUES -- MEASURING AND AGGREGATING SENSE OF PLACE VALUES -- APPLICATIONS TO POLICY AND PLANNING -- REFERENCES -- V Some Elements of a Philosophy of Sustainable Living -- 20 Caring for Nature -- WILD ANIMALS -- OBLIGATIONS TO SUSTAIN NATURAL PROCESSES -- ANIMALS IN HUMAN COMMUNITIES -- WILD ANIMALS IN ZOOS -- ANIMAL ALTRUISM -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 21 Can There Be a Universal Earth Ethic? -- PART 1. VALUE THEORIES AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY -- PART 2. RE-THINKING THE PROBLEM OF CONSERVATION PRIORITIES/TARGETS -- PART 3. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT: A PROCESS-ORIENTED APPROACH -- PART 4. ALTERNATIVES TO MONISTIC ASSUMPTIONS AND THE ENTITY ORIENTATION -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- 22 Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability -- INTRODUCTION: WHAT DO WE OWE THE FUTURE? -- PART 1. FOUR PROBLEMS CONCERNING INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY -- 1. The Trade-Offs Problem -- 2. The Distance Problem -- 3. The Ignorance Problem -- 4. The Typology of Effects Problem -- PART 2. SOLOW AND THE GRAND SIMPLIFICATION -- PART 3. THE SEARCH FOR STRONGER ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY -- PART 4. GRANDLY OVER-SIMPLIFIED? -- 1. Toxic Time Bomb Cases -- 2. Greenhouse Warming and Gradual Climate Change -- 3. Old-Growth and Wilderness Conversion -- 4. Severe but Gradual Ecological Declines -- PART 5. PASSMORE AND SHARED MORAL COMMUNITIES -- PART 6. WHAT DO WE OWE THE FUTURE (II)? -- NOTES -- VI Valuing Sustainability: Toward a More Comprehensive Approach to Environmental Evaluation -- 23 Commodity, Amenity, and Morality -- REFERENCES.

24 The Cultural Approach to Conservation Biology -- REFERENCES -- 25 Evaluation and Ecosystem Management -- 1. INTRODUTION -- 2. A DILEMMA -- 3. OPTIONS VERSUS CONSTRAINTS AS A GUIDE TO LONGTERM MANAGEMENT -- 4. OPERATIONALIZING THE OPPORTUNITIES/CONSTRAINTS INDEX -- 5. THE RECONCILIATION PROBLEM -- 6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 26 What Do We Owe the Future? How Should We Decide? -- OUR BEQUEST TO THE FUTURE -- A QUESTION OF ECONOMICS? -- AN ECOLOGICALLY INFORMED SAFE MINIMUM STANDARD CRITERION -- BIODIVERSITY AND RESOURCES -- INTERPRETING "UNBEARABLE COSTS" -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 27 Environmental Values and Adaptive Management -- INTRODUCTION -- PART I. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT: AN EMERGING PARADIGM? -- PART II. AN EVALUATIVE APPROACH FOR ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT -- PART III. SOME HEURISTICS FOR PARTICIPANTS IN ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES -- A Process Heuristic -- An Evaluative Heuristic -- PART IV. EVALUATING DEVELOPMENT PATHS IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS: AN APPLICATION -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Index.