Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Table of cases -- Table of treaties -- Table of other international instruments -- UN General Assembly Resolutions -- UN Security Council Resolutions -- Miscellaneous -- Introduction -- PART I - NORMATIVE FRAMEWORKS -- Introduction -- 1 Rights and procedural capacity -- Rights -- HUMAN RIGHTS -- Entitlement -- Universality -- HUMANITARIAN LAW -- Entitlement -- Conditionality -- Procedural capacity -- SUBSTANTIVE RIGHT TO A REMEDY -- INTERNATIONAL STANDING -- Conclusion -- 2 Obligations and responsibility -- Obligations -- HUMAN RIGHTS -- State obligations -- Individual obligations -- Conclusion -- HUMANITARIAN LAW -- Violations by non-combatants -- The International Military Tribunal -- Subsequent war crimes trials -- Recent developments -- Violation by irregular armed forces -- Conclusion -- Responsibility -- ROLE OF RESPONSIBILITY -- DUTY TO PROSECUTE -- Conclusion to Part I -- PART II - RECIPROCITY -- Introduction -- 3 Formation -- Procedural aspects -- TREATY LAW -- CUSTOMARY LAW -- Object and purpose of norms -- HUMAN RIGHTS -- HUMANITARIAN LAW -- Reservations and reciprocity -- HUMAN RIGHTS -- HUMANITARIAN LAW -- 4 Application -- Initial applicability and reciprocity -- HUMAN RIGHTS -- HUMANITARIAN LAW -- Applicability to armed conflicts -- Applicability to individuals and groups -- Further application and reciprocity -- ARTICLE 60 OF THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES -- Article 60 -- HUMAN RIGHTS -- HUMANITARIAN LAW -- 5 Sanction -- Countermeasures -- BELLIGERENT REPRISALS -- Function of belligerent reprisals -- Reciprocity of Hague law and Geneva law -- The principle of humanity -- COUNTERMEASURES AND HUMAN RIGHTS -- Who may adopt countermeasures? -- Suspension of human rights obligations as a countermeasure -- Scenarios.

Discrimination -- Self-contained regime -- Jus cogens -- State responsibility -- Conclusion -- Individual responsibility: the rule tu quoque -- Conclusion to Part II -- PART III - APPLICATION: LAW AND FACTS -- Introduction -- 6 Areas of legal indeterminacy -- Humanitarian law of armed conflict -- INTER-STATE ARMED CONFLICTS -- NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMED CONFLICTS -- Article 1… -- Article 96… -- NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS UNDER PROTOCOL II -- Article 1 - Material field of application -- INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS UNDER COMMON ARTICLE 3 -- State of emergency under human rights law -- 7 Legal effect of characterisation -- Self-characterisation -- HUMANITARIAN LAW -- HUMAN RIGHTS -- CONCLUSION -- Third states -- Political organs of intergovernmental organisations -- CHARACTERISATION BY POLITICAL BODIES -- NATURE AND EFFECT OF CHARACTERISATION -- Independent bodies -- HUMAN RIGHTS -- HUMANITARIAN LAW -- Conclusion to Part III -- General conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.