Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Shadows of modernity -- The thesis -- The agenda -- Overview -- Part I Theoretical explorations -- 2 Compromise and closure: a theory of social dynamics -- The success of 'culture': anthropological unease -- Four points of critique on 'culture' and a fifth on 'discourse' -- Culture as compromise -- Habitus -- Compromising on collective representations -- Social closure and cultural distinction -- Towards a pragmatics of cultural production -- Heterogeneity: variations over schemes -- Power and the formation of subcultures -- Cultural change -- Conclusion -- 3 The making of modern communities -- The fallacies of a disciplinary division of labour -- Four approaches to nationalism and modernity -- Instrumentalism and rational choice -- Neo-romanticism -- Halfway on the road to modernity -- End of the road -- The nation-state as a form of social closure -- Imagining the nation -- Closing the lines -- Multiple modes and waves of political modernisation -- Two variants of compromise and closure -- Explaining the salience of the nation-state model: a hypothesis -- Part II State-building and ethnic conflict -- 4 Who owns the state? Ethnic conflicts after the end of empires -- 'Like over like' - political legitimacy in modern nation-states -- The politicisation of ethnic difference -- The ethnicisation of political conflicts -- Explaining ethnic mobilisation: economic interests, primordial bonds, psychological needs or the power of ideology? -- Struggling over collective goods -- Who pays the costs? -- The logic of escalation -- Conclusion -- 5 Nationalism and ethnic mobilisation in Mexico -- The colonial order -- The mosaic society -- Creole patriotism and historical indigenismo -- The nationalisation of the state,1821 to 1910.

Liberalism, republicanism and anti-Indianism, 1821 to 1876 -- Progress and early ethnic nationalism, 1876 to 1910 -- The rise of mestizo nationalism -- The birth of the mestizo nation -- Realising the vision: the politics of cultural assimilation -- Political subordination -- The Indian response: entry, exit and voice -- Entry: assimilation and passing -- Exit: the reinforcement of Indian communities -- Voice: the formation of Indian movements -- Nationalism and counter-nationalism -- 6 From empire to ethnocracy: Iraq since the Ottomans -- Multiculturalism avant la lettre -- Cracks in the mosaic: the Ottoman reform period -- Modernising the empire -- The rise of the ethnic question -- The politicisation of Kurdish and Christian ethnicity -- Ottoman decentralists of Kurdish origin -- Sheikhs and aghas -- From millet to nation: Christian independence movements -- The Arabisation of the Iraqi state -- A state for Sunni Arabs: the mandate and early independence -- The institutionalisation of Sunni Arab rule -- Countering the hegemonic project -- Shii rebellions and the Assyrian question -- The spread of Kurdish nationalism -- Ottoman Kurdish notables -- Urban middle-class nationalism -- Tribal nationalism -- Autonomy and repression,1940 to the present -- Stateless people - the pariah of the modern age -- Part III The politics of exclusion in nationalised states -- 7 Racism and xenophobia -- Defining a research strategy -- Rational choice theory -- Functionalism and socio-biology -- Discourse theory -- Phenomenology -- Struggling over collective goods -- Perspectives for future research -- Conclusion -- 8 Nationalising multi-ethnic Switzerland -- Introduction -- Why Switzerland? -- The ancien régime (to 1798) -- The emergence of a multi-ethnic national state -- Revolution, restoration, regeneration and revolution (1798 to 1848).

Laying the foundation for language peace (1848 to 1874) -- From patriotism to nationalism (1874 to 1914) -- The appearance of the ethno-linguistic divide (1914 to 1918) -- The ethnicisation of republican nationalism (1919 to 1945) -- Explaining the Swiss experience: the role of civil society -- Webs of friendship: associations, societies and clubs -- Trans-ethnic patriotism -- A nation of citoyens: republican state formation -- The deterioration of the status of immigrants -- The liberal era (1848 to 1914) -- Welfare state and aliens police (1914 to 1949) -- The guest-worker model (1948 to 1963) -- Opening the welfare state - limiting immigration (1963 onwards) -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.