Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Maps -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Phonetic symbols -- 1 Vowels -- 2 Consonants -- 3 Diacritics -- 4 Non-phonetic symbols -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 COMPARISONS WITH THE USA, BRITAIN, AUSTRALIA AND CANADA -- 2 THE FORMAT OF THIS BOOK -- 3 TERMINOLOGY -- 4 EDITORIAL NOTE -- NOTE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Part 1 The main language groupings -- 1 South Africa: a sociolinguistic overview -- 1 LANGUAGE PROFILE -- 2 LANGUAGE STATISTICS -- 3 SOCIOHISTORICAL PROFILE -- 4 LANGUAGE POLICY AND FUNCTIONS -- Languages -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 2 The Khoesan languages -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE KHOESAN LANGUAGES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA -- 3 THE KHOE LANGUAGES -- 4 THE SAN LANGUAGES -- 5 THE SURVIVING KHOESAN LANGUAGES -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 3 The Bantu languages: sociohistorical perspectives -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 WIDER RELATIONS: AFRICAN LANGUAGE PHYLA AND FAMILIES -- 3 BANTU LANGUAGES: THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT -- 3.1 The question of a 'Bantu language homeland' -- 3.2 Bantu and Bantoid -- 3.3 The spread of Bantu languages: out of the forest and beyond -- 3.4 Eastern and western Bantu -- 3.5 The southward movement -- 4 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOUTHERN BANTU LANGUAGES -- 4.1 Nguni (S.40) -- 4.2 Sotho-Tswana (S.30) -- 4.3 Tsonga (S.50) -- 4.4 Venda (S.20) -- 4.5 Other languages and dialects -- 5 CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 4 Afrikaans: considering origins -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE NETHERLANDIC DETERMINANTS OF AFRIKAANS -- 3 DUTCH IN CONTACT WITH OTHER LANGUAGES AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE DURING THE VOC ERA -- 3.1 Contact with Khoekhoe -- 3.2 Contact with slaves -- 4 GENDER AS A VARIABLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRIKAANS -- 5 THE CHRONOLOGY AND SPREAD OF AFRIKAANS -- 6 ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF DUTCH IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: MAJOR POSITIONS AND ISSUES -- 6.1 The superstratist hypothesis.

6.2 The variationist/interlectalist hypothesis -- 6.3 The creolist hypothesis -- 7 THE CREOLIST HYPOTHESIS REFORMULATED -- 8 ACROLECTAL CAPE DUTCH -- 9 THE CAPE DUTCH PIDGIN -- 10 CONVERGENCE OF ACROLECTAL CAPE DUTCH AND THE CAPE DUTCH PIDGIN -- 10.1 The basilectal variety of Cape Dutch -- 11 CONVERGENT HYBRIDISATION -- 12 CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 5 South African English -- 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What it is to be 'southern' -- 1.3 North versus south, 'American' versus 'British' -- 1.4 The establishment of English in South Africa -- 2 THE GREAT TRICHOTOMY -- 3 AN OVERVIEW OF SAE SOCIOPHONOLOGY -- 3.1 The primacy of phonology -- 3.2 The vowel system -- 3.2.1 Generalities -- 3.2.2 The KIT split, TRAP and DRESS: the SAE chain shift -- 3.2.3 The other short vowels -- 3.2.4 The long monophthongs -- 3.2.5 The diphthongs -- 3.2.6 Unstressed vowels (happY, lettER and commA) -- 3.3 The consonant system -- 3.3.1 Overview -- 3.3.2 The non-glottal stops and fricatives -- 3.3.3 The liquids -- 3.3.4 Rhoticity -- 3.3.5 /h/and glottal stop -- 4 MORPHOSYNTAX -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 6 South African Sign Language: one language or many? -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 The status of natural signed languages internationally -- 2 SIGNED LANGUAGE IN SOUTH AFRICA -- 3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH AFRICAN SIGN LANGUAGE -- 3.1 Schools for the Deaf -- 3.2 The spread of signed language -- 4 HOW MANY SIGNED LANGUAGES ARE THERE IN SOUTH AFRICA? -- 4.1 Claims -- 4.2 Claims that are challenged -- 4.2.1 A signed language is a manual version of a spoken language (claims 1, 2 and 3) -- 4.2.2 As a consequence of apartheid, there are many different signed languages used in South Africa (claims 4, 5, 6 and 7) -- 4.2.3 Deaf people's primary loyalty is to the community, or culture, into which they were born. They must identify with the….

5 CONCLUSION -THE LINGUISTIC HUMAN RIGHTS OF DEAF PEOPLE -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 7 German speakers in South Africa -- 1 DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL HISTORY -- 2 SCHOOL AND CHURCH EDUCATION -- 3 LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE -- 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUTH AFRICAN GERMAN -- 5 FUTURE PROSPECTS -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 8 Language change, survival, decline: Indian languages in South Africa -- 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- 2 SOUTH AFRICAN BHOJPURI AS A KOINE -- 2.1 A koineised verb paradigm in South African Bhojpuri -- 2.2 Some processes of koineisation -- 3 LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL HISTORY -- 4 THE PROFICIENCY CONTINUUM OF A DECLINING LANGUAGE -- 5 CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Part 2 Language contact -- Pidginisation, borrowing, switching and intercultural contact -- 9 Fanakalo: a pidgin in South Africa -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PIDGINS AND HOW THEY DIFFER -- 3 DOMAINS IN WHICH FANAKALO IS USED -- 4 A BRIEF SKETCH OF SOME GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF MINE FANAKALO -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Syntactic characteristics -- 4.2.1 Constituent structure of the noun phrase -- 4.2.2 Constituent structure of the verb phrase -- 4.2.3 Relative clauses -- 4.3 Lexico-semantic features -- 4.3.1 Lexical sources and type -token ratio -- 4.3.2 Lexicalisation processes -- 4.3.3 Semantic richness -- 4.4 Morphological characteristics -- 5 A BRIEF COMPARISON WITH GARDEN FANAKALO -- 6 THE ORIGINS OF FANAKALO -- 6.1 The contribution of Cole -- 6.2 The contribution of Mesthrie -- 6.3 The central role of missionaries in the origin of Fanakalo -- 7 THE SOCIAL MEANING OF FANAKALO -- 7.1 'A Kafir Lament' -- 7.2 Scenario: video recording in New Zealand -- 7.3 Self-reported data -- 8 CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 10 Mutual lexical borrowings among some languages of southern Africa: Xhosa, Afrikaans and English -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 XHOSA -- 3 AFRIKAANS -- 3.1 Selection -- 3.2 Codification.

3.3 Elaboration of function -- 3.4 Acceptance -- 4 ENGLISH -- 5 CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 11 Code-switching, mixing and convergence in Cape Town -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE DISTRICT SIX SPEECH COMMUNITY -- 3 DATA GATHERING -- 4 THE LINGUISTIC REPERTOIRE -- 4.1 Situational code-switching -- 4.2 Conversational code-switching -- 5 CONVERGENCE -- 5.1 Lexical convergence -- 5.2 Morpho-syntactic convergence -- 5.2.1 Afrikaans -- 5.2.2 English -- 6 CHALLENGES POSED BY DISTRICT SIX CODE-SWITCHING -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 12 Code-switching in South African townships -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 LINGUISTIC STUDY AND SOCIAL HISTORY -- 3 LANGUAGE USE WITHIN THE URBAN/TOWNSHIP ENVIRONMENT -- 4 SHIFTS IN LINGUISTIC THEORY AND PRACTICES WITH REGARD TO CONTACT PHENOMENA -- 5 PERSPECTIVES ON CODE-SWITCHING -- 5.1 Linguistic borrowing -- 5.2 Standard versus non-standard perspective -- 5.3 A commercial communicative perspective -- 5.4 A 'sociology of language' perspective -- 5.5 Interactional perspectives -- (a) Code-switching to present sequential unmarked choices -- (b) Code-switching as marked choice -- (c) Code-switching as exploratory choice -- (d) Code-switching as a linguistic variety -- 5.6 Structural constraints -- 5.7 Pragmatic perspectives in relation to education -- 6 CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 13 Intercultural miscommunication in South Africa -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION STUDIES -- 2.1 Cross-cultural diversity in compliment-response behaviour on South African and American campuses -- 2.2 Cross-cultural diversity in compliment-response behaviour on the University of Natal campus -- 3 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION STUDIES -- 3.1 Interactional sociolinguistics: theory and practice -- 3.2 Zulu-English - South African English encounters -- 3.3 Studies of intercultural communication in Xhosa -- 4 CONCLUSION -- NOTES.

BIBLIORGRAPHY -- Gender, language change and shift -- 14 Women's language of respect: isihlonipho sabafazi -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 From childhood to youth -- 1.2 Marriage -- 2 LINGUISTIC CUSTOM OF RESPECT -- 2.1 Exemplification -- 3 EFFECTS OF MODERNISATION -- 3.1 Core vocabulary -- 3.2 Sample characteristics -- 3.3 Further changes in hlonipha -- 4 CONCLUSION -- NOTE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 15 The sociohistory of clicks in Southern Bantu -- 1 INTRODUCTION: CLICKS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA -- 2 EVALUATING KHOESAN -BANTU INTERACTIONS -- 2.1 The myth of 'invading Bantu males' -- 2.2 The limits of Khoesan-Bantu language contacts -- 2.3 Khoesan gene flow -- 3 THE ROLE OF HLONIPHA IN LANGUAGE CHANGE -- 4 THE MODERN SETTING OF HLONIPHA -- 5 CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 16 The political economy of language shift: language and gendered ethnicity in a Thonga community -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE TEMBE-THONGA -- 3 LANGUAGES OF THE TEMBE -THONGA -- 4 LANGUAGE SHIFT -- 5 RECONSTRUCTING PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE USE -- 6 POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION -- 7 LANGUAGE USE: THE SECOND SHIFT -- 7.1 Vocabulary -- 7.2 Phonetic -phonological -- 7.3 Morphological -- 8 UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE SHIFT IN THONGALAND -- 9 CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- New varieties of English -- 17 From second language to first language: Indian South African English -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ISAE AND OTHER ENGLISHES -- 3 SOME SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF ISAE -- 3.1 Phonetics -- 3.2 Vocabulary -- 4 THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC CONTINUUM IN ISAE -- Basilect -- Mesolect -- Acrolect (regarding nursing-patient relationships in a small town) -- 5 LINGUISTIC PROCESSES TYPICAL OF THE BASILECT -- 5.1 Expansion of inner form -- 5.1.1 Complementation -- 5.1.2 Co-ordination -- 5.2 Complexification of outer form -- 5.2.2 Use of target language forms with non-target meaning, function and distribution.

6 CHARACTERISTIC PROCESSES IN THE MESOLECT.