Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part 1 Comparative methods -- Editor's introduction -- References -- 1 The comparative method: principles and illustrations from primate socioecology -- Introduction -- The first step: investigation of patterning -- The question of homology -- The assumption of adaptational equilibrium -- Hypothesis testing and variable selection -- The use of outgroups -- Within-species analyses -- The necessity of biological knowledge -- Analytical techniques -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Cladistics as a tool in comparative analysis -- Introduction -- The relevance of phylogeny to socioecology -- Socioecology and homology -- Example: the phylogenetic tree as a template for mapping primate sleep traits -- Data -- Comments -- Note -- References -- 3 Phylogenetically independent comparisons and primate phylogeny -- Introduction -- Pitfalls of multispecies data -- Independent comparisons -- CAIC -- Other independent comparison programs -- Estimates of phylogeny -- A composite primate phylogeny -- Misconceptions about phylogenetic comparative analyses -- Outstanding problems -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Appendix 3.1 The relationships among extant primates according to the re-analysis described in this chapter -- Part 2 Comparative life history and biology -- Editor's introduction -- 4 Socioecology and the evolution of primate reproductive rates -- Introduction -- Reproductive rates and life history theory -- Design constraints, body size and phylogeny -- Trade-offs and primate reproduction -- r and K selection theory and age-specific mortality -- Charnov's model -- Primate reproductive rates and life history theory -- Data used -- Reproductive rate data -- Mortality rate data -- Group size, diet and brain size -- Methods.

Results -- Do age at first reproduction and birth rate vary with mortality rates as predicted? -- Do environmental variables predict reproductive rates? -- Do life history variables vary with body size in the way predicted by Charnov's (1993) model? -- Why has a late age at maturity evolved in primates? -- Testing the models -- Strategies to increase reproductive rates -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Comparative ecology of postnatal growth and weaning among haplorhine primates -- Introduction -- Methods -- Data sources and their problems -- Analysis of phylogenetic effects on growth variables -- Maternal mass and postnatal growth relations -- The weaning weight hypothesis -- Intraspecific variation -- The Martin maternal energy hypothesis -- The risky environments hypothesis -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Appendix 5.1 Species and values used in the analysis -- 6 Some current ideas about the evolution of the human life history -- Introduction -- Trade-off between numbers and care of offspring -- Age at first birth -- Zero population growth? -- Helpers -- Grandmothering, age at maturity, interbirth intervals, and fecundity -- Criticisms of the grandmother hypothesis -- Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 The evolutionary ecology of the primate brain -- Introduction -- Phylogeny and brain evolution -- Brain allometry -- Adaptive variation in brain size -- Life histories, maternal energetics and brain size -- Ontogenetic constraints on brain specialisation? -- Brain specialisation -- Visual specialisation and brain size in primates -- Colour vision and brain size -- Socio-visual cognition and brain size -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Note -- References -- Appendix 7.1 Main primate database, listed alphabetically by species name.

Appendix 7.2 Data on separate brain parts used in the analyses -- 8 Sex and social evolution in primates -- Introduction -- Life history and male infanticide risk -- Female counterstrategies -- Sexual counterstrategies against male infanticide -- Paternity concentration and confusion -- Predictions -- Sex and infant care -- Sex among species vulnerable to male infanticide -- Active polyandrous mating -- Situation-dependent receptivity -- Variation in the length of the mating period -- Interspecific variation -- Intraspecific variation -- Attractivity-enhancing signals: sex skins -- Distribution of sex skins -- Male infanticide and sex skins -- Attractivity-enhancing signals: mating vocalisations -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Appendix 8.1 Primate sex -- 9 Mating systems, intrasexual competition and sexual dimorphism in primates -- Dimorphism, mating systems and intrasexual competition -- Sexual dimorphism as a function of female trait variation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Appendix 9.1 -- Appendix 9.2 -- Part 3 Comparative socioecology and social evolution -- Editor's introduction -- 10 Lemur social structure and convergence in primate socioecology -- Introduction -- Patterns in anthropoid social structure -- Female-female relationships -- Male-male relationships -- Male-female relationships -- Lemur social structure -- Female-female relationships among lemurs -- Male-male relationships among lemurs -- Male-female relationships among lemurs -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Why is female kin bonding so rare? Comparative sociality of neotropical primates -- Introduction -- Phylogenetic perspectives -- Callitrichinae ancestors -- Atelinae ancestors -- Ecological perspectives -- Callitrichine and ateline ecology -- Ecological contrasts among Saimiri -- The Cebus anomaly.

Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Energetics, time budgets and group size -- Introduction -- The time budgets model -- Taxon-specific elements in the model -- Testing the models -- Criticisms of the model -- Statistical methods -- Climate data -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Ecology of sex differences in great ape foraging -- Male and female energetic constraints -- Great ape habitats -- Habitat type and habitat quality -- Great ape foraging strategy -- Evaluating sex differences in great apes -- The structure of variation in male and female foraging strategies -- Sex differences in foraging strategy between great ape subspecies -- Predicting sex differences in great ape foraging behaviour -- Summary and discussion -- Notes -- References -- 14 Hominid behavioural evolution: missing links in comparative primate socioecology -- Introduction -- The hominids and their evolutionary patterns -- Body size -- Body shape, posture and locomotion -- Brain size -- Life history and growth -- Tooth size -- Sexual dimorphism -- Populations, habitat and distribution -- Hominid evolutionary and behavioural ecology in comparative perspective -- Key adaptive shifts -- The last common ancestor -- African savannah bipedal apes -- Omnivorous intelligent opportunists -- Technological colonisers -- Dominant herbivores -- Socioecology and the evolution of human social behaviour -- Missing links in the comparative method -- Conclusions -- References -- 15 Evolutionary ecology and cross-cultural comparison: the case of matrilineal descent in sub-Saharan Africa -- Introduction -- Phylogenetic approaches in cross-cultural studies -- Cultural diffusion -- Three phylogenetic comparative tests of an association between pastoralism and descent -- Comparisons between sister groups on a genetic tree.

Comparisons between sister groups on a linguistic tree -- A model of the co-evolution of categorical characters based on maximum likelihood -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Editor's conclusion. Socioecology and social evolution -- Index.