Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Cyclostratigraphic data -- 1.2 Past studies of cyclic sediments -- 1.3 Time-series analysis - an introduction -- 1.4 Chapter overview -- Chapter 2 Constructing time series in cyclostratigraphy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Categories of cyclostratigraphic time series -- 2.2.1 Continuous-signal records -- 2.2.2 Discrete-signal records -- 2.2.2a Periodic discrete-signal records -- 2.2.2b Quasi-periodic discrete-signal records -- 2.2.2c Aperiodic discrete-signal records -- 2.3 Requirements for the generation of stratigraphic time series -- 2.3.1 Condition 1 - Consistent environmental conditions -- 2.3.2 Condition 2 - Unambiguous variable -- 2.3.3 Condition 3 - Thickness-time relationship -- 2.3.3a Continuous-signal records -- 2.3.3b Discrete-signal records -- 2.4 Sampling -- 2.4.1 Sample intervals and power spectra -- 2.4.2 Sample intervals and aliasing -- 2.4.3 Missing values and irregular sample intervals -- 2.5 Chapter overview -- Chapter 3 Spectral estimation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Processing of time series prior to spectral analysis -- 3.2.1 Mean subtraction -- 3.2.2 Ergodicity, stationarity and detrending -- 3.2.3 Outlier removal and the unit impulse -- 3.2.4 Pre-whitening -- 3.2.5 Other data transformations -- 3.3 Spectral estimation - preliminary considerations -- 3.3.1 Classes of spectra and noise models -- 3.3.2 Spectral resolution and bandwidth -- 3.3.3 Data tapering, spectral side-lobes and bias -- 3.3.4 Comparing spectra and normalization -- 3.4 Spectral estimation - methods -- 3.4.1 The Fourier transform and the periodogram -- 3.4.2 The direct method -- 3.4.3 The multi-taper method -- 3.4.4 The Blackman-Tukey method -- 3.4.5 The maximum entropy method -- 3.4.6 The Walsh method.

3.5 The statistical significance of spectral peaks -- 3.6 Chapter overview -- Chapter 4 Additional methods of time-series analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Evolutionary spectra -- 4.3 Filtering -- 4.4 Complex demodulation -- 4.5 Cross-spectral analysis -- 4.5.1 Coherency spectra -- 4.5.2 Phase spectra -- 4.6 Wavelet analysis -- 4.7 Phase portraits and chaos -- 4.8 Singular spectrum analysis -- 4.9 Chapter overview -- Chapter 5 Practical considerations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cyclostratigraphic signal distortions related to accumulation rate -- 5.2.1 Trends in accumulation rate -- 5.2.2 Random changes in accumulation rate -- 5.2.3 Abrupt or step changes in accumulation rate -- 5.2.4 Signal-driven accumulation rates, harmonics and combination tones -- 5.3 Cyclostratigraphic signal distortions related to other processes -- 5.3.1 Rectification -- 5.3.2 Bioturbation -- 5.3.3 Undetected hiatuses -- 5.4 Practical time-series analysis -- 5.4.1 How long should a time series be? -- 5.4.2 Interpreting spectral peaks -- 5.5 Chapter overview -- Chapter 6 Environmental cycles recorded stratigraphically -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The climatic spectrum -- 6.3 Tidal cycles -- 6.3.1 Tidal cycles and orbital dynamics -- 6.3.2 Stratigraphic records of tidal cycles -- 6.3.3 Records of tidal cycles and the Earth's orbital parameters -- 6.4 Annual cycles -- 6.5 The El Niño/Southern Oscillation -- 6.5.1 The El Niño/Southern Oscillation system -- 6.5.2 Stratigraphic records of ENSO variability -- 6.6 The North Atlantic Oscillation -- 6.7 Solar activity cycles -- 6.7.1 Sunspot cycles and solar physics -- 6.7.2 Stratigraphic records of solar cycles -- 6.8 Millennial-scale cycles and Heinrich events -- 6.8.1 Latest Pleistocene Heinrich events and millennial-scale climatic cycles in the North Atlantic.

6.8.2 Climatic mechanisms involved in North Atlantic millennial-scale cycles and Heinrich events -- 6.8.3 Evidence for millennial-scale cycles outside the North Atlantic region -- 6.8.4 Earlier records and the origin of millennial-scale cycles -- 6.9 Milankovitch cycles -- 6.9.1 The nature and climatic expression of the orbital cycles -- 6.9.1a Precession -- 6.9.1b Eccentricity -- 6.9.1c Obliquity -- 6.9.2 Earth's orbital history -- 6.9.3 Orbital tuning -- 6.9.3a Tuning of Pliocene-Recent cyclostratigraphic records -- 6.9.3b Tuning of older cyclostratigraphic records -- 6.9.4 Stratigraphic records of Milankovitch cycles -- 6.9.4a Results from stratigraphic studies -- 6.9.4b The 100-ka cycles in the late Pleistocene -- 6.10 Chapter overview -- Appendix - published algorithms for time-series analysis -- References -- Index.