Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CASES -- International -- Permanent Court of International Justice -- International Court of Justice -- International Arbitral Tribunals -- Human Rights Committee -- Committee against Torture -- International Labour Organization -- Regional -- European Court of Human Rights -- European Commission of Human Rights -- European Social Charter, Committee of Independent Experts -- European Communities: Court of Justice -- European Communities: Court of First Instance -- Inter-American Court of Human Rights -- Inter-American Commission of Human Rights -- National -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Argentina -- Australia -- Austria -- Bahamas -- Bangladesh -- Barbados -- Belarus -- Belgium -- Belize -- Bermuda -- Botswana -- Canada -- Croatia -- Cyprus -- Czech Republic -- Czech and Slovak Federal Republic -- Denmark -- Dominica -- Estonia -- Finland -- France -- The Gambia -- Georgia -- Germany -- Gibraltar -- Greece -- Grenada -- Guyana -- Hong Kong -- Hungary -- India -- Ireland -- Israel -- Italy -- Jamaica -- Kenya -- Lesotho -- Liechtenstein -- Lithuania -- Malaysia -- Malta -- Mauritius -- Namibia -- Netherlands -- New Zealand -- Nigeria -- Norway -- Pakistan -- Papua New Guinea -- Poland -- Portugal -- Romania -- Russia -- St Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla -- St Vincent and the Grenadines -- Scotland -- Seychelles -- Sierra Leone -- Singapore -- Slovak Republic -- Slovenia -- Solomon Islands -- South Africa -- Southern Rhodesia -- Spain -- Sri Lanka (Ceylon) -- Switzerland -- Tanzania -- Trinidad and Tobago -- Turkey -- Uganda -- Ukraine -- United Kingdom -- United States of America -- Vanuatu -- Western Samoa -- The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia -- Zambia -- Zimbabwe -- TABLE OF INSTRUMENTS -- PART I Introduction -- 1 Historical and juridical background.

International law -- Religious and cultural tradition -- Philosophical thought -- Transforming philosophy into law -- The doctrine of state sovereignty -- Humanitarian norms as international law -- An international consensus on human rights -- The Charter of the United Nations -- 2 The international bill of human rights -- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) -- An authentic interpretation of the Charter? -- Customary international law, independent of the Charter? -- Use by the international community -- Incorporation in international treaties -- Reflection in national constitutions -- Reference in judicial decisions -- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) -- To respect and to ensure the recognized rights -- To give effect to the recognized rights -- To provide an effective remedy -- To report periodically to the Human Rights Committee -- The Optional Protocol -- The Second Optional Protocol -- The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) -- Obligations of conduct -- Obligations of result -- The reporting obligation -- Other international instruments -- ILO -- UNESCO -- Geneva Conventions -- Regional human rights instruments -- The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms -- First Protocol -- Protocol No.4 -- Protocol No.6 -- Protocol No.7 -- Protocol No.12 -- The European Social Charter -- American Convention on Human Rights -- Additional Protocol to the ACHR -- African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights -- An Asian Convention on Human Rights? -- Helsinki Final Act -- Human rights treaties as international law -- Reservations to human rights treaties -- Views of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights -- Views of the Human Rights Committee -- Views of the International Law Commission -- Views of chairpersons of human rights treaty bodies.

Continuity of obligations under human rights treaties -- 3 The domestic protection of human rights. -- The application of international law -- A Bill of Rights -- The Original Models -- Reliance on the common law -- From common law to constitutional entrenchment -- The impact of regional instruments -- The impact of the Covenants -- The drafting of a Bill of Rights -- Comprehensiveness -- Applicability -- Limitations -- Derogation -- Entrenchment -- Justiciability -- Conclusion -- A Human Rights Commission -- 4 The international protection of human rights -- Treaty mechanisms -- Reporting procedures -- Purpose of reporting -- Weaknesses in the reporting system -- Inquiry procedure -- Inter-State Complaints -- Individual complaints -- Non-treaty mechanisms -- International Court of Justice -- Security Council -- United Nations General Assembly -- Economic and Social Council -- Commission on Human Rights -- Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities -- Reporting Procedure -- Communications concerning human rights -- 728F Procedure -- 1235 Procedure -- 1503 Procedure -- Special Procedures -- The role of non-governmental organizations -- An international human rights regime -- PART II General principles -- 5 Interpretation -- Principles of interpretation -- Treaty provisions -- Constitutional provisions -- Sources of interpretation -- The travaux préparatoires -- The jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee and of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- The jurisprudence of regional human rights institutions -- National jurisprudence -- The jurisprudence of other international human rights tribunals -- International human rights instruments -- International human rights guidelines -- The writings of jurists -- The spirit of the constitution -- Conclusion -- 6 Non-discrimination -- Discrimination.

Affirmative action -- of any kind -- such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth… -- 7 Limitations -- Rights which are expressed in absolute terms -- Rights which are restrictively defined -- Rights the exercise of which may be restricted -- Restrictions -- necessary in a democratic society -- provided by law -- in the interests of -- national security -- public safety -- public order -- public morals -- public health -- rights and freedoms of others -- general welfare in a democratic society -- [No state, group or erson may] engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights… -- 8 Derogation -- public emergency which threatens the life of the nation -- the existence of a public emergency to be officially proclaimed -- measures derogating from human rights obligations -- extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation -- measures not inconsistent with other obligations under international law -- discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin -- other states parties to be informed of the provisions from which a state has derogated and of the reasons by which it was… -- PART III The substantive rights -- 9 The right of self-determination -- Texts -- International instruments -- Regional instruments -- Comment -- Interpretation -- All peoples -- the right of self-determination -- freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development -- Sovereign independent state -- Free association with an independent state -- Integration with an independent state -- Any other political status -- All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any….

In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence -- The States Parties, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories… -- in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations -- 10 The right to life -- Texts -- International instruments -- Regional Instruments -- Comment -- Interpretation -- Every human being -- The unborn child -- Mentally or physically defective persons -- The aged, senile, and terminally ill persons -- inherent right to life -- Right to dignity -- Right to livelihood -- This right shall be protected by law -- Offences against the person -- Persons held in custody -- Extradition or deportation -- Actions of state officers -- The environment -- Access to medical services -- War andnuclear weapons -- No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life -- Death being the unintended outcome of the use of force -- Enforced or involuntary disappearances -- Imposition of the death penalty -- Sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious crimes -- in accordance with the law in force at the time of the commission of the crime -- and not contrary to the provisions of the...Covenant and theConventionon...Genocide -- pursuant to a final judgment rendered by a competent court -- the right to seek pardon or commutation of the sentence of death -- Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age -- Sentence of death...shall not be carried out on pregnant women -- 11 The right to freedom from torture -- Texts -- International instruments -- Regional instruments -- Related texts -- Comment -- Interpretation -- torture -- cruel treatment -- inhuman treatment -- degrading treatment -- Categories of impugned 'treatment' -- Use of physical force -- Methods of interrogation -- Conditions of detention.

Delay in the execution of the death sentence.