Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Child and adolescent psychopharmacology at the turn of the millennium -- The prototype treatment: psychostimulants for ADHD -- Evolution of child and adolescent psychopharmacology -- Changing prescribing philosophies -- Lifting the taboo -- Confronting clinical uncertainty -- The rise of therapeutic empiricism -- New trends -- Excessive use -- Money-oriented medicine -- Changing training programs -- Academic child and adolescent psychopharmacology -- Efficacy and effectiveness -- Combined medication treatments -- Setbacks -- Limited benefits -- Adverse effects in youth -- Sudden death -- Rising expectations -- Rush to use -- The role of industry and technology -- Medication advertisement -- Innovative treatments -- The turn of the millennium -- REFERENCES -- 2 Developmental psychopharmacology -- Introduction -- Microdevelopment -- Models and concepts -- Plasticity and sensitive periods -- Apoptosis -- Cellular migration and growth -- Neurotransmitters -- Receptors -- Amino acids and neuropeptides -- Coupling -- Macrodevelopment -- Effects of stress, early experience, and hippocampal neurogenesis -- Genetic evidence for some psychiatric developmental disorders and pediatric pharmacogenetics -- Developmental psychopharmacology -- Conclusions and future directions -- REFERENCES -- 3 Clinical aspects of child and adolescent psychopharmacology -- Introduction -- Information gathering -- Structured and unstructured interviews -- The parental interview -- Interview with the child -- Baseline assessment for psychopharmacologic treatment -- Psychoeducational aspects -- Deciding which medication to use -- How long to treat -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- 4 Depression -- Child and adolescent depression: overview.

Does child and adolescent depression exist? -- What is the naturalistic course? Is the course severe enough that treatment is warranted? -- Who is at risk for child depression? -- Child and adolescent depression: diagnosis -- Hypothesized central nervous system mechanisms -- Psychopharmacologic treatments for depression in adults -- Psychopharmacologic treatment of depression in children and adolescents: efficacy and tolerability -- Clinical guidelines for psychopharmacological treatment of child depression -- Summary and conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 5 Bipolar mood disorder: diagnosis, etiology, and treatment -- Introduction -- Diagnostic issues -- Epidemiology -- Diagnosis and phenomenology -- Developmental issues -- Presentation in childhood and adolescence -- Misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis -- Comorbidity -- Etiology -- Genetics -- Neurobiology -- Laterality -- Neuroimaging -- Electrophysiology -- Cognition -- Psychosocial factors -- Family -- Treatment of bipolar mood disorder in young people -- Establishing a therapeutic relationship -- Psychoeducation and psychotherapy -- Acute mania, mixed states, and rapid cycling -- Bipolar depression -- Treatment in female-specific issues -- Treatment of bipolar disorder in the presence of comorbid symptom clusters or syndromes -- Maintenance treatment in juvenile bipolar disorder -- REFERENCES -- 6 Schizophrenia and related psychoses -- Overview -- Description of the disorder -- Psychosis in intellectually disabled children and adolescents -- Differential diagnosis -- Mood disorders -- Substance abuse -- Posttraumatic stress disorder/dissociative disorder -- Borderline personality disorder/traits -- Schizotypal personality disorder and autistic spectrum disorders -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder -- Epilepsy -- Medical and surgical disorders -- Diagnostic process -- Theories of etiology.

Neurodevelopmental theories -- Neurodegenerative theories -- Genetics -- Psychopharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia in adults -- Psychopharmacologic therapy of child-and adolescent-onset schizophrenia -- Acute or initial presentation -- Baseline data -- Choice of initial medication -- Side effects of neuroleptics -- Dystonias -- Parkinsonian side effects -- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome -- Anticholinergic side effects -- Weight gain -- Endocrimic side effects -- Other side effects -- Tardive dyskinesia -- ''Atypical ''neuroleptic use in children and adolescents -- Potential problems in management of the acute phase -- Electroconvulsive therapy -- Intermediate and long-term management -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 7 Obsessive-compulsive disorder -- Epidemiology -- Phenomenology -- Symptoms -- Course -- Age and gender effects -- Comorbidity -- Diagnosis -- Etiology -- Treatment -- General comments -- Psychodynamic psychotherapy -- Individual and family therapy -- Behavioral treatment -- Pharmacologic treatment -- Clomipramine -- SSRIs -- Dosage and duration of treatment -- Augmentation strategies -- Selection of treatment -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- 8 Anxiety disorders -- Overview -- Introduction -- Changes in diagnosis -- Trends in the classification of anxiety -- Prevalence and epidemiology of child and adolescent anxiety disorders -- Current hypothesized central nervous system mechanisms for anxiety -- Review of neurobiology of anxiety disorder -- Temperament, neuroevolutionary factors, and the neurobiology of environmental effects -- Overview of pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in adults -- General -- Specific disorders -- Panic disorder -- Social phobia -- GAD -- PTSD -- Review of child and adolescent psychopharmacology -- Overview -- Medications used in childhood anxiety disorders -- SSRIs -- Evidence of efficacy.

Safety and tolerability -- Dose and course of treatment recommendations -- Benzodiazepines -- Efficacy -- Tolerability and side effects -- Dose and course of treatment -- TCA -- Efficacy -- Side effects and tolerability -- Current role of TCAs -- Dose and course of treatment -- Buspirone -- Efficacy -- Side effects and tolerability -- Dosing -- Moclobemide -- Venlafaxine -- Miscellaneous agents -- Propranolol -- Clonidine -- Summary: effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for specific anxiety disorders in children and adolescents -- Panic/agoraphobia including SAD and school refusal -- Social phobia/selective mutism -- GAD -- PTSD -- Specific phobia -- Clinical guidelines for psychopharmacologic treatment -- Assessment -- Treatment model -- Prepharmacologic interventions -- When to use medications -- Choosing and titrating medication -- Duration and tapering -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 9 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder -- Introduction -- The pathophysiology of ADHD -- Comorbidity and ADHD -- Conduct disorder -- Mood, anxiety, and learning disorders -- Pharmacotherapy -- Stimulants -- Antidepressants -- Tricyclic antidepressants in ADHD -- Non-TCA antidepressants -- Bupropion -- MAOIs -- SSRIs -- Venlafaxine -- Antipsychotics -- Other drugs -- Alpha, noradrenergic agonists -- Beta, noradrenergic antagonists -- Other compounds -- Impact of psychiatric comorbidity in the pharmacotherapy of ADHD -- Combined pharmacotherapy -- Future directions -- Noradrenergic-specific compounds -- Cholinergic drugs -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 10 Pervasive development disorder -- Introduction -- Current diagnostic concepts -- Autistic disorder -- Asperger's disorder -- Rett's disorder and childhood disintegrative disorder -- PDDs: hypothesized central nervous system mechanisms -- Theoretical concepts -- Neurocognitive deficits -- Neuroanatomic changes.

The prefrontal cortex -- The temporal lobe -- The cerebellum -- The limbic system and subcortical brains areas -- Neurotransmitter changes -- Serotonin -- Dopamine -- Noradrenaline and adrenaline -- Neuropeptides -- Overview of known psychopharmacologic treatment for an adult PDD -- Review of child and adolescent psychopharmacologic treatment for PDD -- Potent serotonin transport inhibitors -- Partial serotonin agonists -- Neuroleptics -- Thymoleptics -- Sympatholytic agents -- Stimulants -- Opioid antagonists -- Principles of assessment and management -- Choice of pharmacologic agent -- Baseline evaluations -- Medical -- Neurologic -- Psychiatric -- Initiating and monitoring treatment -- Inadequate or poor clinical response -- Long-term psychopharmacologic treatment -- Summary and conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 11 Aggressive behavior -- Biologic and developmental markers of aggression -- Animal models of aggression -- Pharmacotherapy -- Lithium -- Side effects -- Anxiolytic medications -- Benzodiazepines -- Buspirone -- Antidepressants -- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors -- Anticonvulsant drugs -- Adrenergic drugs -- Clonidine -- Antipsychotic drugs -- Psychostimulants -- The use of PRN medications -- The approach to the aggressive patient: vignettes -- Case vignette 1 -- Case vignette 2 -- The biopsychosocial approach -- Summary and conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 12 Adolescent substance use disorder -- Introduction -- Substance use disorder -- Definition -- Substance abuse (DSM-IV) -- Substance dependence (DSM-IV) -- International Classificatory System of Diseases (ICD-10) -- Harmful use -- Dependence syndrome -- Lack of developmental perspective in psychopathology -- Difficulty in meeting certain criteria because of younger age -- The independence of the criteria of impairment of social functioning -- Lack of validity of the syndromes.

Alternative criteria for substance use disorder in young people.