Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Integrating ontogeny into ecological and evolutionary investigations -- STRUCTURE AND OVERVIEW -- REFERENCES -- 2 Bat phylogeny: an evolutionary context for comparative studies -- INTRODUCTION -- DATA USED TO BUILD PHYLOGENETIC TREES OF BATS -- EVALUATING SUPPORT FOR DIFFERENT CLADES -- CURRENT HYPOTHESES OF BAT RELATIONSHIPS -- Bat monophyly -- Relationships within Megachiroptera -- Eocene fossil bats -- Is Microchiroptera monophyletic? -- Interfamilial relationships -- Relationships within Emballonuridae -- Relationships within Rhinopomatoidea -- Relationships within Rhinolophoidea -- Relationships within Noctilionoidea -- Relationships within Nataloidea -- Relationships within Molossoidea -- Relationships within Vespertilionidae -- INFERRING PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION FROM BAT PHYLOGENIES -- Character mapping and other methods -- Morphological and functional evolution -- Evolution of development and physiology -- Ecological and behavioral evolution -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Early embryology, fetal membranes, and placentation -- INTRODUCTION -- OVUM MATURATION, FERTILIZATION, AND PREIMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT -- Development of the embryo -- Fertilization -- Cleavage -- Preimplantation development of the embryo -- Formation of endoderm - bilaminar blastocyst -- Fate of the zona pellucida -- Implantation -- Implantation sites vary between species with a bicornuate or simplex uterus -- The site of implantation in the uterus relative to its mesenteries -- The point of the embryo that effects attachment/implantation -- The orientation of the epiblast/embryonic shield -- The depth of implantation -- Physiological relationships during implantation -- Delays in embryonic development -- Developmental diapause or delayed implantation -- Delayed development.

FETAL MEMBRANES -- General pattern of development of fetal membranes -- The fetal membranes -- Amnion -- Amniogenesis by cavitation -- Primordial amniotic cavity formed by cavitation, the definitive amnion by folding -- Amniogenesis by folding -- Amniogenesis by coalescence -- Yolk sac -- Allantois -- Umbilical cord -- PLACENTATION -- Trophoblastic placenta or 'preplacenta' -- Yolk sac placenta -- Choriovitelline placenta -- Chorionic placenta -- Chorioallantoic placenta -- Histogenesis of the chorioallantoic placenta -- Interhemal membrane -- Endotheliochorial or vasochorial placenta -- Hemochorial placenta -- Interstitial membrane -- Origin of interstitial membrane -- Reichert's membrane -- Accessory placental structures -- Giant cells -- PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Brain ontogeny and ecomorphology in bats -- INTRODUCTION -- CHIROPTERAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT -- Nervus terminalis -- Vomeronasal organ -- Amygdala -- Cerebral cortex -- Midbrain - corpora quadrigemina -- Cerebellum -- Spinal cord -- Comparative brain development -- NEURONAL CONNECTIONS AND THE CHIROPTERAN MONOPHYLY DEBATE -- LAYER VII OF CEREBRAL CORTEX -- ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY -- BRAIN TRAITS AND BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY -- Aerial insectivory -- Moderate and slow-flying bats -- Constant frequency (CF) bats -- Trawlers -- Gleaners -- Sanguinivores -- Nectarivores -- Frugivores -- Tight-crevice roosting species -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Evolutionary plasticity and ontogeny of the bat cochlea -- INTRODUCTION -- A brief note on biosonar -- Echolocation signals -- Hearing characteristics -- COMPARATIVE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY AND EVOLUTION OF THE BAT COCHLEA -- Gross anatomy of the bat cochlea -- Cochlear frequency maps -- General organization of the organ of Corti -- Sensory cells -- Supporting cells -- Basilar membrane.

Tectorial membrane -- Diversity of cochlear mechanics in bats -- ONTOGENY OF ECHOLOCATION (HEARING AND VOCALIZATION). -- Development of vocalization and hearing capabilities -- Development of the cochlear frequency maps -- Development of cochlear structure in horseshoe bats -- Which is leading development? Cochlea or vocalization system? -- REFERENCES -- 6 Skull growth and the acoustical axis of the head in bats -- INTRODUCTION -- Spatial competition and the packaging of the fetal head -- Bone as a plastic entity -- Brain growth and skull form -- ONTOGENY OF THE CHIROPTERAN SKULL - CEPHALOMETRY -- Rotation of the rostrum in fetal mammals -- Anatomical planes and cephalometric angles -- Inner ear -- Hard palate -- Foramen magnum -- Cribriform plate -- Cephalometry of fetal bats -- ONTOGENY OF THE CHIROPTERAN SKULL - ANATOMICAL LANDMARK DATA -- Multivariate approach to growth trajectories -- Regression analyses and growth trajectories -- OSSIFICATION OF THE CRANIUM -- THE ACOUSTICAL AXIS AND SKULL MECHANICS -- Mechanics of the midface -- Nasal septum and the Old World nasal-emitters -- RHINOLOPHOID SKULL DESIGN AND ACOUSTICS -- Acoustical considerations -- Fundamental frequency -- Second harmonic -- Third harmonic -- Anatomical correlates of the dorsal nasal chambers -- Physiological integration -- EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS -- Distinct developmental paths -- Adaptive landscapes -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Ontogeny of the chiropteran basicranium, with reference to the Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra -- INTRODUCTION -- DESCRIPTIONS OF BASICRANIAL STRUCTURES -- MEGADERMA LYRA -- Tympanic floor -- ULASN M1 -- ULASN M4 -- AMNH 39590 and 208823 -- Tympanic roof -- ULASN M4 -- ULASN M1 -- AMNH 208823 -- Arterial system -- ULASN M4 -- AMNH 39590 and 208823 -- COMPARISONS OF BASICRANIAL TRUCTURES -- Tympanic floor -- Other microchiropterans.

Megachiropterans -- Tympanic roof -- Other microchiropterans -- Megachiropterans -- Arterial system -- Other microchiropterans -- Megachiropterans -- Miscellaneous -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 A theoretical consideration of dental morphology,ontogeny,and evolution in bats -- INTRODUCTION -- DENTITION IN A BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT -- DENTAL ONTOGENY AND ERUPTION -- EVOLUTION OF CHIROPTERAN DENTITION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Wing ontogeny, shifting niche dimensions, and adaptive landscapes -- INTRODUCTION -- ONTOGENY OF THE BAT HANDWING -- Prenatal growth of the handwing: divergence from the phylotype -- Skeletogenesis -- Growth rates -- Bone fusions -- The manus -- Postnatal growth of the wing -- DEVELOPMENTAL ECOLOGY OF FLIGHT -- Onset of flight -- Dimensions of the juvenile wing -- Defining the ontogenetic niche -- Wings, natural selection, and evolution -- THE ONTOECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE -- A model of flight ontogeny, ecology, and evolution -- Do data fit the model? -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Ontogeny and evolution of the hindlimb and calcar: assessing phylogenetic trends -- INTRODUCTION -- THE HINDLIMB: A DERIVED TRUCTURAL COMPOSITE -- ONTOGENETIC PATTERNS OF THE LOWER HINDLIMB -- Microchiroptera -- Megachiroptera -- ONTOGENETIC PATTERNS OF THE CALCAR -- Microchiroptera -- Megachiroptera -- SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ACROSS SUBORDERS -- FOSSILS, PHYLOGENY, AND THE CALCAR -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 A comparative perspective on the ontogeny of flight muscles in bats -- INTRODUCTION -- MUSCLE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS -- ONTOGENY OF MUSCLES IN TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS -- ONTOGENY OF FLIGHT MUSCLES IN BATS -- PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL EFFECTS ON BODY MASS AND MUSCLE ONTOGENY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 12 The ontogeny of behavior in bats:a functional perspective.

INTRODUCTION -- SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AMONGST PUPS -- PATERNAL CARE -- MATERNAL CARE -- Suckling -- Carrying of young by mothers -- Grooming -- Thermoregulation -- ALLOMATERNAL CARE -- MECHANISMS FOR AVOIDING THE MISDIRECTION OF MATERNAL CARE -- SOCIAL LEARNING DURING DEVELOPMENT -- Echolocation calls -- Isolation calls -- THE ONTOGENY OF EMERGENCE TIMING -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORAGING BEHAVIOR -- Species that show evidence of tuition from mothers -- Species that may lack maternal tuition about foraging -- MATERNAL CARE AFTER WEANING -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.