Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Map and figures -- Map -- Figures -- Tables -- Series editor's foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Interrelationships -- 1.2 Aims -- 1.3 The field -- 1.3.1 Plurilingualism -- 1.3.2 Language attrition -- 1.4 The corpus -- 1.5 The Australian immigrant situation and the corpus -- 1.5.1 German -- 1.5.2 Dutch -- 1.5.3 Italian -- 1.5.4 Spanish -- 1.5.5 Vietnamese and Chinese -- 1.5.6 Some other groups -- 1.5.7 Multi-vintage groups -- 1.5.8 The more general environment -- 1.6 Policy -- 2 Dynamics of language shift -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Language demography -- 2.2.1 Shift - first generation (overseas-born) -- 2.2.2 Shift - second generation (Australian-born) -- 2.2.2.1 Exogamy (individual) -- 2.2.3 Age (individual) -- 2.2.4 Time (individual and group) -- 2.2.5 Gender (individual) -- 2.2.6 English proficiency (individual) -- 2.2.7 Place (group) -- 2.2.8 Studies in other countries -- 2.3 Who 'speaks' what language to whom, when and for what purpose? -- 2.4 Reading and writing -- 2.5 Models -- 2.5.1 Kloss: ambivalent factors -- 2.5.2 Conklin and Lourie -- 2.5.3 Edwards -- 2.5.4 Giles, Bourhis and Taylor: ethnolinguistic vitality/intergroup relations -- 2.5.5 Fishman et al.: quantitative model (1985) -- 2.5.6 Fishman: reversing language shift (1991) -- 2.5.7 Smolicz: cultural core values -- 2.5.8 Cost benefits -- 2.6 Concluding remarks -- 3 On models and terms -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The troublesome terminology around 'code-switching' -- 3.2.1 Different types of 'code-switching' -- 3.2.2 Multiple transference -- 3.3 A terminological framework - transference at different levels of language -- 3.3.1 Convergence and its relation to transference -- 3.3.2 Transversion -- 3.4 Some language contact frameworks.

3.4.1 Myers-Scotton and Jake: Matrix Language Frame model (MLF) -- 3.4.2 Poplack -- 3.4.3 Other models and constraints proposed -- 3.4.3.1 Government -- 3.4.3.2 Belazi/Pandit -- 3.4.3.3 Mahootian -- 3.4.4 Muysken: three types of 'bilingual speech' -- 3.4.5 Conjunction and PP constraints -- 3.4.6 Johanson: code-copying -- 3.4.7 MacSwan -- 3.4.8 Grosjean: modes -- 3.5 The treatment of morphological and syntactic transference and convergence -- 3.5.1 Internal and external change -- 3.5.2 Thomason and Kaufman and others -- 3.5.3 Language death -- 3.5.4 Drift and typology -- 3.5.5 Levelling and markedness -- 3.6 Some notes on the languages in our corpus -- 3.7 Concluding remarks -- 4 Dynamics of convergence and transference -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Convergence -- 4.2.1 Phonetic/morphophonemic/prosodic bilingual convergence -- 4.2.2 Trilingual convergence -- 4.2.2.1 Interlingual identification based on bilingual commonalities -- 4.2.2.2 Conversion formulae -- 4.3 Facilitation of different types of transference -- 4.3.1 Lexical transference -- 4.3.1.1 Multiple transference -- 4.3.2 Phonetic/phonological/prosodic aspects of transference -- 4.3.2.1 Prosodic transference -- 4.3.3 Graphemic transference -- 4.4 Grammatical convergence, transference and other changes -- 4.4.1 Auxiliary -- 4.4.2 Gender agreement on Italian modifiers and verbs -- 4.4.3 Plural affixes in German and Dutch -- 4.4.4 Gender marking on German and Dutch articles -- 4.4.5 Case loss and restructuring -- 4.4.6 Uninflected forms of Dutch verbs -- 4.4.7 Emerging typological change to SVO and fixed word order -- 4.4.8 'Composite Matrix Language' and syntactic convergence -- 4.4.8.1 Variation between syntactic convergence, syntactic transference and lexicosyntactic transference -- 4.4.9 Implicational scales? -- 4.4.10 Transference at several levels of language.

4.4.11 A note on theoretical implications -- 4.5 Divergence -- 4.5.1 Integration -- 4.5.1.1 Principles of gender assignment -- 4.5.1.2 Some markers of non-integration -- 4.5.1.3 Dummy verbs -- 4.6 Ethnolects -- 4.6.1 The case of a disappearing ethnolect -- 4.6.2 More recent and emerging ethnolects -- 4.7 Concluding remarks -- 5 Dynamics of transversion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sociolinguistic and discourse motivation for transversion -- 5.3 Facilitation as a concept -- 5.3.1 Lexical facilitation -- 5.3.1.1 Trigger-words -- 5.3.1.2 Anticipational transversion -- 5.3.1.3 Lexical facilitation and Muysken's 'congruent lexicalization' -- 5.3.1.4 The switch back -- 5.3.1.5 Comparative analysis -- 5.3.1.6 Bi-and trilinguals -- 5.3.1.7 Lexical facilitation and the contravention of grammatical constraints -- 5.3.1.8 Hesitation and transversion -- 5.3.2 Tonal facilitation -- 5.3.3 Syntactic overlap/transference/convergence (secondary facilitation) -- 5.3.4 Closing remarks on facilitation -- 5.4 Collocations -- 5.5 Directionality of lexical transference and transversion, especially in elderly bilinguals -- 5.6 Very dense transversion and convergence -- 5.7 Modes -- 5.8 'Code-switching', turnover and language shift -- 5.9 Concluding remarks and reassessment of models -- 6 Dynamics of plurilingual processing -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Demands on processing models -- 6.3 Models and what they can tell us -- 6.3.1 Levelt -- 6.3.1.1 Adaptations and applications -- 6.3.1.2 Challenges and revisions -- 6.3.2 Dell et al. - parallel distributed processes -- 6.3.2.1 Adaptations and applications -- 6.3.3 Paradis - storage hypotheses -- 6.3.4 Green - inhibition/mental load -- 6.4 Detailed plurilingual issues -- 6.4.1 Syntactic convergence -- 6.4.2 Tonal transversion facilitation -- 6.4.3 Mental load, selection and facilitation -- 6.4.4 Access - conceptual and phonological.

6.4.5 Broersma's critique -- 6.4.5.1 On the impossibility of generalizing specific potential trigger-words -- 6.4.6 Grosjean - modes -- 6.4.7 Use and attrition -- 6.4.8 Progress summary -- 6.5 Integrating the sociolinguistic into a processing model -- 6.6 Towards a model of plurilingual processing -- 6.7 Concluding remarks -- 7 Dynamics of cultural values in contact discourse -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Pragmatic transference and code-switching to express pragmatic contrasts -- 7.2.1 A note on politeness -- 7.2.2 Diminutives -- 7.2.3 Address -- 7.2.3.1 European languages -- 7.2.3.2 Vietnamese -- 7.3 Modal particles in German, Dutch and Hungarian -- 7.3.1 German -- 7.3.2 Dutch -- 7.3.3 Hungarian -- 7.4 Modal particle use among plurilinguals -- 7.4.1 German -- 7.4.2 Dutch -- 7.4.3 Hungarian -- 7.4.4 Comparison between the languages -- 7.4.4.1 Dutch and German of trilinguals -- 7.4.4.2 German and Hungarian of trilinguals -- 7.5 English discourse markers and their transference -- 7.5.1 Discourse markers -- 7.5.2 Transference into the community languages -- 7.5.3 Comparison of corpora -- 7.6 Comparison of modal particle and discourse marker incidence -- 7.7 Concluding remarks -- 8 Towards a synthesis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Data -- 8.2.1 The language factor -- 8.3 The culture factor -- 8.4 Trilinguals vs. bilinguals -- 8.5 Generation/vintage -- 8.6 The sociolinguistic factor -- 8.7 Concluding remarks -- Notes -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DYNAMICS OF LANGUAGE SHIFT -- 3 ON MODELS AND TERMS -- 4 DYNAMICS OF CONVERGENCE AND TRANSFERENCE -- 5 DYNAMICS OF TRANSVERSION -- 6 DYNAMICS OF PLURILINGUAL PROCESSING -- 7 DYNAMICS OF CULTURAL VALUES IN CONTACT DISCOURSE -- References -- Index of authors -- Index of languages -- Index of subjects.