Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editors -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 The nature and mechanisms of plasticity -- Cortical map plasticity -- Plasticity substrate -- Plasticity mechanisms -- Plasticity of MI horizontal connections (in vitro) -- MI's direct role in motor learning and memory -- Motor skill learning and its trace in MI -- Mechanisms of learning-induced increases in synaptic efficacy -- The LTP-learning controversy -- The connection between learning, synaptic plasticity and LTP in MI -- Dynamics of the synaptic modification range -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 2 Techniques of transcranial magnetic stimulation -- Single pulse transcranial stimulation -- Transcranial electrical stimulation of the corticospinal output of the hand area of motor cortex -- Stimulation of descending pathways at the level of the brainstem -- Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the corticospinal output of the hand area of motor cortex -- A monophasic pulse in a figure-of-eight coil -- Circular vs. figure-of-eight coils and monophasic vs. biphasic stimulators -- Stimulation of the corticospinal output from the leg area of motor cortex -- Mapping the somatotopic organization of the motor cortex -- Stimulation of motor cortex: distinguishing cortical from spinal effects -- Paired pulse TMS experiments -- Repetitive TMS -- After-effects of rTMS -- rTMS: effects on corticospinal excitability assessed using MEPs -- rTMS: effects on intracortical circuitry -- rTMS: other physiological measures and effects at distant sites -- Behavioural consequences of rTMS and possible therapeutic uses -- Functional imaging and rTMS -- Interaction of TMS and rTMS with peripheral inputs -- TMS and rTMS as a 'virtual lesion' -- Single pulse 'lesions' -- rTMS induced 'lesions' -- REFERENCES.

3 Developmental plasticity of the corticospinal system -- Corticospinal tract development and plasticity in subprimate mammals -- Corticospinal development and plasticity in monkeys -- Corticospinal development and plasticity in human -- REFERENCES -- 4 Practice-induced plasticity in the human motor cortex -- Introduction -- Use-dependent plasticity -- Mechanisms underlying use-dependent plasticity -- Modulation of intracortical inhibition -- Modulation of synaptic efficacy -- Pharmacological enhancement of practice-induced plasticity -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 5 Skill learning -- Plasticity as an intrinsic property of the brain -- Rapid plastic changes and potential risks -- Long-term plastic reorganization -- Competition for substrates -- Stability of long-term plastic reorganization -- Recruitment of distant brain areas and functional significance -- Plasticity in the context of normal behaviour: sequence learning -- The serial response time task -- A model of sequence learning -- Prefrontal cortex: awareness vs. sensory modality -- Representations and cue-dependence -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 6 Stimulation-induced plasticity in the human motor cortex -- Introduction -- Protocols -- Repetitive TMS (rTMS) -- Effects on motor system excitability -- Remote effects -- Direct current (DC) stimulation -- Repetitive afferent stimulation -- Models of long-term potentiation (LTP) in human motor cortex -- Stimulation-induced plasticity in motor cortex during reduced cortical inhibition -- Interventional paired associative stimulation (IPAS)-induced plasticity -- Common mechanisms -- Functional relevance of induced plasticity -- Stimulation-induced plasticity in healthy subjects -- Clinical applications of stimulation-induced plasticity in the motor cortex -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES.

7 Lesions of cortex and post-stroke 'plastic' reorganization -- General introduction -- Functional brain imaging: technological issues and review of findings in stroke -- TMS as an early predictor of functional outcome -- Intervention-induced changes of motor cortex excitability -- Interhemispheric asymmetries in stabilized stroke -- Latencies of brain responses -- Strengths of generator sources -- Waveshape of SEFs -- Locations of generator sources -- Conclusions and final remarks -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 8 Lesions of the periphery and spinal cord -- Introduction -- Amputation -- Single pulse TMS -- Amputation may decrease MT and increase MEP amplitude -- Changes in cortical map size occur following amputation -- Limitation of cortical maps measured by TMS -- Persistence of function of deafferented cortex -- Paired pulse TMS -- Amputation results in decreased ICI and increased ICF -- Transient deafferentation studies reveal transmitters systems involved in cortical plasticity -- Possible role of spinal cord plasticity -- Spinal cord injury -- Cortical representation of muscles -- Corticospinal facilitation and recruitment -- Cortical inhibitory circuitry -- Use-dependent plasticity and adaptation within the spinal cord -- Autonomic studies -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 9 Functional relevance of cortical plasticity -- Introduction -- Technical considerations -- Functionally beneficial effects of plasticity -- Plasticity in the blind -- Auditory plasticity in the blind -- Plasticity and dysphagia -- Functionally detrimental effects of plasticity -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 10 Therapeutic uses of rTMS -- Introduction -- Effect on neural circuits, local -- Effects on neural circuits, distance -- Time course of rTMS effects -- rTMS, lasting effects on behaviour vs. lasting effects on physiology.

Treatment of psychiatric disorders with rTMS -- Mood disorders -- Schizophrenia -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) -- Treatment of movement disorders with rTMS -- Parkinson's disease -- Dystonia and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome -- REFERENCES -- 11 Rehabilitation -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of recovery from unilateral hemispheric stroke -- TMS and contralateral limb recovery -- Insight from non-TMS studies -- Positron emission tomography (PET) -- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) -- Insight from TMS studies -- Ipsilateral pathways -- TMS investigation of the unaffected hemisphere following UHS -- Conclusions from TMS studies in peripheral limb model -- TMS and midline muscle recovery -- Central representation of midline structure -- Mechanism of deficit following UHS -- Mechanism of recovery following UHS in the midline model -- TMS evaluation of physical rehabilitative approaches -- Evidence for the potential efficacy of physical therapy from animal work -- TMS evidence for the reorganizational potential of current neurorehabilitation techniques -- Sensory-induced plasticity -- Sensory-induced plasticity and changes in function -- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the swallowing motor cortex -- Properties of rTMS relevant to rehabilitation -- Features of the pharyngeal model relevant to rehabilitation -- rTMS of pharyngeal motor cortex -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 12 New questions -- Use of TMS to explore plasticity -- Use of TMS to influence brain excitability -- Use of TMS to influence plasticity -- Applications to therapeutics -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- Index.