Cover -- Frontmatter -- Half Title Page -- Other titles in the series -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Need for protection -- 1.1 Need for protective apparatus -- 1.2 Basic requirements of protection -- 1.3 Basic components of protection -- 1.4 Summary -- 2. Faults, types and effects -- 2.1 The development of simple distribution systems -- 2.2 Fault types and their effects -- 3. Simple calculation of short-circuit currents -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Revision of basic formulae -- 3.3 Calculation of short-circuit MVA -- 3.4 Useful formulae -- 3.5 Cable information -- 3.6 Copper conductors -- 4. System earthing -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Earthing devices -- 4.3 Evaluation of earthing methods -- 4.4 Effect of electric shock on human beings -- 5. Fuses -- 5.1 Historical -- 5.2 Rewireable type -- 5.3 Cartridge type -- 5.4 Operating characteristics -- 5.5 British standard 88:1952 -- 5.6 Energy 'let through' -- 5.7 Application of selection of fuses -- 5.8 General 'rules of thumb' -- 5.9 Special types -- 5.10 General -- 5.11 Is-limiter -- 6. Instrument transformers -- 6.1 Purpose -- 6.2 Basic theory of operation -- 6.3 Voltage transformers -- 6.4 Current transformers -- 6.5 Application of current transformers -- 6.6 Introducing relays -- 6.7 Inverse definite minimum time lag (IDMTL) relay -- 7. Circuit breakers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Protective relay-circuit breaker combination -- 7.3 Purpose of circuit breakers (switchgear) -- 7.4 Behavior under fault conditions -- 7.5 Arc -- 7.6 Types of circuit breakers -- 7.7 Comparison of breaker types -- 8. Tripping batteries -- 8.1 Tripping batteries -- 8.2 Construction of battery chargers -- 8.3 Maintenance guide -- 8.4 Trip circuit supervision -- 8.5 Reasons why breakers and contactors fail to trip -- 8.6 Capacitor storage trip units -- 9. Relays -- 9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Principle of the construction and operation of the electromechanical IDMTL relay -- 9.3 Factors influencing choice of plug setting -- 9.4 The new era in protection - microprocessor vs electronic vs traditional -- 9.5 Universal microprocessor overcurrent relay -- 9.6 Technical features of a modern microprocessor relay -- 9.7 Type testing of static relays -- 9.8 The future of protection for distribution systems -- 9.9 The era of the IED -- 9.10 Substation automation -- 9.11 Communication capability -- 10. Coordination by time grading -- 10.1 Protection design parameters on medium- and low-voltage networks -- 10.2 Sensitive earth fault protection -- 11. Low-voltage networks -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Air circuit breakers -- 11.3 Moulded case circuit breakers -- 11.4 Application and selective coordination -- 11.5 Earth leakage protection -- 12. Mine underground distribution protection -- 12.1 General -- 12.2 Earth-leakage protection -- 12.3 Pilot wire monitor -- 12.4 Earth fault lockout -- 12.5 Neutral earthing resistor monitor (NERM) -- 13. Principles of unit protection -- 13.1 Protective relay systems -- 13.2 Main or unit protection -- 13.3 Back-up protection -- 13.4 Methods of obtaining selectivity -- 13.5 Differential protection -- 13.6 Transformer differential protection -- 13.7 Switchgear differential protection -- 13.8 Feeder pilot-wire protection -- 13.9 Time taken to clear faults -- 13.10 Recommended unit protection systems -- 13.11 Advantages of unit protection -- 14. Feeder protection cable feeders and overhead lines -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Translay (see Figure 14.1) -- 14.3 Solkor protection -- 14.4 Distance protection -- 15. Transformer protection -- 15.1 Winding polarity -- 15.2 Transformer connections -- 15.3 Transformer magnetizing characteristics -- 15.4 In-rush current -- 15.5 Neutral earthing -- 15.6 On-load tap changers.

15.7 Mismatch of current transformers -- 15.8 Types of faults -- 15.9 Differential protection -- 15.10 Restricted earth fault -- 15.11 HV overcurrent -- 15.12 Buchholz protection -- 15.13 Overloading -- 16. Switchgear (busbar) protection -- 16.1 Importance of busbars -- 16.2 Busbar protection -- 16.3 The requirements for good protection -- 16.4 Busbar protection types -- 17. Motor protection relays -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Early motor protection relays -- 17.3 Steady-state temperature rise -- 17.4 Thermal time constant -- 17.5 Motor current during start and stall conditions -- 17.6 Stalling of motors -- 17.7 Unbalanced supply voltages -- 17.8 Determination of sequence currents -- 17.9 Derating due to unbalanced currents -- 17.10 Electrical faults in stator windings earth faults phase-phase faults -- 17.11 General -- 17.12 Typical protective settings for motors -- 18. Generator protection -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Stator earthing and earth faults -- 18.3 Overload protection -- 18.4 Overcurrent protection -- 18.5 Overvoltage protection -- 18.6 Unbalanced loading -- 18.7 Rotor faults -- 18.8 Reverse power -- 18.9 Loss of excitation -- 18.10 Loss of synchronization -- 18.11 Field suppression -- 18.12 Industrial generator protection -- 18.13 Numerical relays -- 18.14 Parallel operation with grid -- 19. Management of protection -- 19.1 Management of protection -- 19.2 Schedule A -- 19.3 Schedule B -- 19.4 Test sheets -- Index.