Preface -- Contributors -- Authors -- Contents -- 1. The Concept of Cluster and the Cleverbio Project -- 1.1 The Concept of Cluster -- 1.2 The Advantages from Clustering -- 1.3 The Cleverbio Project: An Overview -- Appendix -- The Framework of Analysis -- Consortium Members -- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Milan, Italy -- Associazione Impresa Politecnico, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy -- East Region Biotechnology Initiative (ERBI), Cambridge, UK -- East Jutland Innovation, Aarhus, Denmark -- Heidelberg Technology Park, Heidelberg, Germany -- Ecole Superieure d'Ingegnieurs de Marseille (ESIM), Marseilles, France -- 2. The Biotech Industry: An Overview -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Bio-Pharmaceutical Value Chain -- 2.2.1 The Value Chain -- Pre-approval activities -- Post-approval activities -- Enabling technology supply -- 2.2.2 Time, Risk and Cost of the Drug Discovery and Development Process -- 2.3 The Structure of the Bio-Pharmaceutical Industry -- 2.3.1 Biotech Companies: a Taxonomy -- 2.3.2 Main Figures in the Bio-Pharmaceutical Industry -- Big pharmas -- Product Biotechs -- Drug Agent Biotechs -- Platform Biotechs -- Service and Commodities Biotechs -- 2.4 The Industry Structure: A Geographical Analysis -- 3. The Cluster of Cambridge (by Jeff Solomon and Claire Skentelbery) -- 3.1 History of the Cluster -- 3.2 Major Actors -- 3.2.1 Dedicated Biotech Firms -- Overview -- Research and employment profile -- Process of foundation -- 3.2.2 Industrial and Research Environment -- 3.2.3 Financial Environment -- 3.3 Context Factors -- 3.4 Conclusions -- 4. The Cluster of Heidelberg (by Klaus Plate and Marion Kronabel) -- 4.1 History of the Cluster -- 4.2 Major Actors -- 4.2.1 Dedicated Biotech Firms -- Overview -- Turnover and employment profile -- Process of foundation.

4.2.2 Industrial and Research Environment -- 4.2.3 Financial Environment -- 4.3 Context Factors -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 5. The Cluster of Aarhus (by Gyda Marie Bay and Jorn Enggaard) -- 5.1 History of the Cluster -- 5.2 Major Actors -- 5.2.1 Dedicated Biotech Firms -- Overview -- Turnover and employment profile -- Process of foundation -- Case studies -- Borean Pharma -- Pipeline Biotech -- Cobento -- DNA Technology -- 5.2.2 Industrial and Research Environment -- 5.2.3 Financial Environment -- 5.3 Context Factors -- International regulation and cooperation -- Public debate and information on biotechnology and ethics in Denmark -- 5.4 Conclusions -- 6. The Cluster of Marseilles (by Jean Laporta and Francoise Perrin) -- 6.1 History of the Cluster -- 6.2 Major Actors -- 6.2.1 Dedicated Biotech Firms -- Overview -- Turnover and employment profile -- Process of foundation -- Case studies -- Immunotech -- Trophos -- Ipsogen -- Innate pharma -- 6.2.2 Industrial and Research Environment -- 6.2.3 Financial Environment -- 6.3 Context Factors -- 6.4 Conclusions -- 7. The Cluster of Milan -- 7.1 History of the Cluster -- 7.2 Major Actors -- 7.2.1 Dedicated Biotech Firms -- Overview -- Turnover and employment profile -- Process of foundation -- Case studies -- Biosearch Italia -- Novuspharma -- 7.2.2 Industrial and Research Environment -- 7.2.3 Financial Environment -- 7.3 Context Factors -- 7.4 Conclusions -- 8. Other Cases of Biotech Clusters -- 8.1 The Cluster of San Diego -- 8.2 The Bay Area -- 8.3 The Cluster of Evry -- 8.4 The Cluster of Munich -- 8.5 The Cluster of Oxford -- 8.6 The Biovalley -- 8.7 The Cluster of Uppsala -- 9. The Normative Model -- 9.1 Growth Mechanisms of a Cluster -- 9.2 Driving Forces and Practices -- 9.2.1 Financial Driving Forces -- Availability of pre-seed capital -- Incubation Platform (Evry, France).

GSAS Business Plan Competition (Harvard, US) -- Availability of seed capital -- 1er Jour Fund (Evry, France) -- Tech Coast Angels and UCSD CONNECT (San Diego, US) -- Availability of venture capital -- Financial Forum UCSD CONNECT (San Diego, US) -- Availability of governmental funds -- North Carolina Biotechnology Centre (North Carolina, US) -- BioRegio Contest (Germany) -- Availability of exit strategies for investors -- 9.2.2 Scientific Driving Forces -- Presence of scientific base -- Technology transfer mechanisms -- UCSD TransMed Program (San Diego, US) -- Networking culture -- BayBio (San Francisco, US) -- Entrepreneurial culture -- Biocom Courses (San Diego, US) -- Exist programme (Germany) -- Mechanisms to attract key scientific people -- Measures of the European Commission to stop brain drain -- 9.2.3 Industrial Driving Forces -- Presence of industrial base -- Existence of success stories in biotech -- Attraction of new sites of other companies -- Science and Technology Plan (Taiwan) -- Biotech Facilities Tax Credit (Arkansas, US) -- Integration among industrial actors -- Biocom (San Diego, US) -- Support to R&D outsourcing processes and industrial spin-offs -- Biovalley (Germany-France-Switzerland) -- Vicuron Pharmaceuticals (formerly Biosearch Italia) -- Axxam (Italy) -- Mechanisms to attract key managerial and commercial people -- 9.2.4 Supporting Driving Forces -- Legal framework -- Bayh-Dole Act and Diamond vs Chakrabarty decision (US) -- Genetic Engineering Act (Germany) -- Area attractiveness -- Sophia Antipolis (France) -- Availability of specific services and infrastructures -- IZB (Munich, Germany) -- Public acceptance of biotech activities -- Biotechnology in Switzerland -- Gene Cafes (Evry, France) -- International promotion of the cluster -- The Scotland promotion scheme -- 9.3 The Normative Model.

10. Conclusions: Forms of Cluster Creation in Biotech -- 10.1 Spontaneous Clusters -- 10.2 Policy-Driven Clusters -- 10.2.1 Industry Restructuring Policies -- 10.2.2 Industry Development Policies -- 10.3 Hybrid Clusters -- References and Further Readings.