Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- PAPER OR FOAM PLASTIC CUPS? -- Internalizing External Costs -- What is the System? -- ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN CALIFORNIA -- 2 Gasohol -- TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF GASOHOL -- Energy Content of Ethanol and Gasoline -- How Much Premium Fuel Will Gasohol Save? -- ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GASOHOL -- HOW FAR COULD GASOHOL USAGE BE PUSHED AS NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY? -- POLITICS OF GASOHOL -- GASOHOL ELSEWHERE IN THE WORLD -- ETHANOL FROM CELLULOSE -- 3 Solar Thermal,Windpower, and Photovoltaic Technologies -- SOLAR HOT WATER HEATING -- The Sun's Energy -- A Practical Design and Calculation -- Economic Analysis -- Why is the System Designed for Only a Fraction of the Load? -- WIND ENERGY -- Technical Performance of Wind Machines -- Economics of Wind Energy -- The Role of Risk -- The Concepts of Internal Rate of Return and Debt Financing -- SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY -- Economics of Photovoltaics -- COST REDUCTIONS AND THE LEARNING CURVE -- Economies of Scale -- The Manufacturing Learning Curve -- CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 3 -- 4 Electricity from Coal -- COAL AS A NATURAL MATERIAL -- THE U.S. COAL INDUSTRY: PRODUCTION, PRODUCTIVITY, AND TRANSPORTATION -- CONVENTIONAL COAL-FIRED STEAM PLANTS -- Material Balance Considerations -- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: THE LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITY -- Levelized Capital Charge -- Levelized Fuel Cost -- Levelized Operating and Maintenance Cost -- ADVANCED COAL TECHNOLOGIES -- Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) -- Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PBFC) -- Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle System (IGCC) -- APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 4 -- Continuous Compounding of Interest -- Calculating the Levelized Cost for the Case of Continuous Cash Flows -- 5 Controlling Acid Rain from Coal-fired Power Plants.

The Mechanisms of Acid Rain -- Emission of Pollutants -- Atmospheric Chemical Reactions -- Long Range Transport and Deposition -- Environmental Effects of Acid Rain -- Mitigation Strategies -- A Model to Assess Alternative Mitigation Strategies -- Alternative Cases of Acid Rain Reduction -- Costs and Benefits of the Alternative Cases -- The Politics of Acid Rain -- A Market Mechanism for Pollution Control -- The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 -- 6 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming -- Basic Cause of the Greenhouse Gas Phenomenon -- Calculating the Effect of Greenhouse Gases on the Climate -- Global Climate Models -- Predictions of Global Climate Models -- What is Known Empirically -- Conclusions Concerning Global Climate Modeling -- POLICY ISSUES POSED BY GLOBAL WARMING -- How Costly are Mitigating Strategies? -- What are the Policy Choices? -- International Implications -- THE INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC PROCESS ON CLIMATE CHANGE -- THE KYOTO PROTOCOL -- The Political Response to the Kyoto Protocol in the United States -- The Economic Costs of GHG Reductions -- 7 Nuclear Power and Its Fuel Cycle -- Nuclear Physics Background -- Radioactive Decay -- Radioactive Decay Law -- THE FISSION PROCESS -- Physics of Nuclear Reactors -- Nuclear Reactor Types -- Nuclear Reactor Safety -- THE ACCIDENT AT CHERNOBYL -- The Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- The Front End of the Fuel Cycle -- The Back End of the Fuel Cycle -- 8 Managing Nuclear Waste -- THE TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-LEVEL WASTE -- CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES ON THE NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEM -- THE U.S. HIGH-LEVELWASTE PROGRAM -- Repository Site Selection -- Interim Storage of Spent Fuel -- Regulation of High-level Waste Repositories -- INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS -- GENERAL LESSONS -- 9 Nuclear Power and Weapons Proliferation -- Making Bombs -- WHY DO NATIONS SEEK THE BOMB?.

Diplomacy's Effect on Nuclear Power -- HOW INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS WAS REACHED -- PRESENT PROLIFERATION CONCERNS -- WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM THE HISTORY OF NONPROLIFERATION POLICY? -- 10 Natural Gas -- The Advantages of Natural Gas -- Natural Gas Resources -- Natural Gas Production -- FUTURE NATURAL GAS USE IN THE U.S. AND THE ECONOMICS OF GAS-FIRED ELECTRICITY GENERATION -- APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 10 -- 11 Safety and Risk: Examples from the Liquefied Natural Gas and Nuclear Industries -- LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS -- Probabilistic Risk Assessment -- RISK PERCEPTIONS -- 12 Synthetic Fuels -- TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SYNTHETIC FUELS -- Oil from Tar Sands -- Oil from Shale -- Synthetic Gas from Coal -- Synthetic Liquids from Coal -- THE SYNTHETIC FUEL STORY -- 13 Fuel Cells for Automobiles -- TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF FUEL CELLS -- THE FUEL CELL "SYSTEM" PROBLEM -- FUEL CELLS AND THE CHALLENGE OF MANAGING GOVERNMENT R&D PROGRAMS -- APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 13 -- Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydrocarbon Fuels -- 14 Energy Models and Statistics -- ENERGY DATA - SOURCES AND UNITS -- PRIMARY ENERGY FLOWS IN THE U.S. -- PROJECTIONS OF U.S. ENERGY USE -- Key Assumptions -- World Oil Outlook -- The U.S. Petroleum Supply Situation -- ENERGY STATISTICS -- Confidence Intervals -- ESTIMATING RECENT TRENDS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE U.S. -- APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 14 -- Generalization to Several Variables -- Example for Two Variables -- 15 The Government's Role in Innovation -- A Taxonomy of R&D and Innovation -- RATIONALES FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN SUPPORT OF INNOVATION -- Policy Instruments for Government Support of Innovation -- Indirect R&D Incentives -- International Comparisons -- 16 Conclusions -- Index.