Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- I Phonological representations and the lexicon -- 1 Interpreting 'phonetic interpretation' over the lexicon -- 1.1 The metaphors invoked -- 1.2 The word-association experiment -- 1.3 Lexical neighbourhoods and the emergence of structure -- 1.4 The bottleneck between articulatory and acoustic representations -- 1.5 The third hidden layer -- 1.6 Granularity effects and reductionism -- 1.7 Granularity effects at the first bottleneck -- 2 Effects on word recognition of syllable-onset cues to syllable-coda voicing -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Experiment 1: Method -- 2.2.1 Material -- 2.2.1.1 Test stimuli -- 2.2.1.2 Control stimuli -- 2.2.1.3 Filler and practice stimuli -- 2.2.1.4 Cross-splicing of test and control stimuli -- 2.2.2 Tapes -- 2.2.3 Procedure -- 2.2.4 Subjects -- 2.3 Results of Experiment 1 -- 2.4 Discussion of Experiment 1 -- 2.5 Experiment 2 -- 2.6 General discussion -- 2.6.1 Preliminary comments -- 2.6.2 Implications for perception of low-level phonetic contrasts -- 2.6.3 Implications for lexical access -- 2.6.4 Some connections -- 2.6.5 Concluding remarks -- Note -- 3 Speech perception, well-formedness and the statistics of the lexicon -- 3.1 Introduction -- Experiment 1 -- Experiment 2 -- Experiment 3 -- 3.2 Experiments -- 3.3 Discussion and conclusion -- Notes -- 4 Factors of lexical competition in vowel articulation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reduction and sources of information -- 4.3 Lexical competition and intelligibility -- 4.4 Method -- 4.4.1 Recording materials -- 4.4.2 Measurement -- 4.5 Results and discussion -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- 5 Commentary: probability, detail and experience -- 5.1 Introduction: word frequency and phonetic detail -- 5.2 Hawkins and Nguyen's study -- 5.3 Probability -- 5.4 A proposal.

II Phonetic interpretation and phrasal structure -- 6 Release the captive coda: the foot as a domain of phonetic interpretation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 A minimalist take on the phonetics-phonology interface -- 6.3 Against ambisyllabicity -- 6.4 Danish -- 6.5 Source and manner categories -- 6.5.1 Elements -- 6.5.2 Signal mappings of elements: Danish -- 6.6 Ibibio -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Notes -- 7 How many levels of phrasing? Evidence from two varieties of Italian -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Syntax and phrasing -- 7.3 Focus and phrasing -- 7.4 Phonetic evidence -- 7.5 Corpus and methods -- 7.6 Results -- 7.6.1 Auditory transcription -- 7.6.2 Acoustic results -- 7.6.2.1 Florentine Italian -- 7.6.2.2 Turin Italian -- 7.7 Discussion -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Notes -- 8 Domain-initial articulatory strengthening in four languages -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 General methods -- 8.2.1 Prosodic domains -- 8.2.2 Corpora -- 8.2.3 Data collection -- 8.2.4 Data measurement -- 8.3 Methods and results for each language -- 8.3.1 French -- 8.3.1.1 Methods -- 8.3.1.2 Results -- 8.3.2 Korean -- 8.3.2.1 Methods -- 8.3.2.2 Results -- 8.3.3 Taiwanese -- 8.3.3.1 Methods -- 8.3.3.2 Results -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.4.1 Domains -- 8.4.2 Languages -- Note -- Appendix -- 9 External sandhi as gestural overlap? Counter-evidence from Sardinian -- 9.1 Models of assimilatory external sandhi -- 9.2 Sardinian lenition and gemination -- 9.2.1 External sandhi part 1: initial lenition -- 9.2.2 Word-medial contrasts of length and strength -- 9.2.3 External sandhi part 2: word-final consonants -- 9.2.3.1 Prevocalic position -- 9.2.3.2 Preconsonantal position -- 9.2.4 The categorical status of postlexical geminates -- 9.3 The experimental study -- 9.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2 Experiment 1: geminates and singletons -- 9.3.2.1 Method -- 9.3.2.2 Results and discussion.

9.3.3 Experiment 2: coda-onset sequences -- 9.3.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.3.2 Method -- 9.3.3.3 Results and discussion -- 9.4 Summary and conclusions -- Notes -- 10 Consonant strengthening and lengthening in various languages: comments on three papers -- III Phonetic interpretation and syllable structure -- 11 On the factorability of phonological units in speech perception -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Syllable identification in noise: factorability in speech reception research -- 11.3 Simulation studies of factorability -- 11.3.1 Factorability of patterns -- 11.3.2 Simulated noise and lexical effects -- 11.3.3 Addition of irreducible syllable-level stimulus effects -- 11.4 Factorability in parametric speech-perception experiments -- 11.4.1 Potential sources of bias effects -- 11.4.2 Nonlinear stimulus effects -- 11.5 Reanalysis of the data of Massaro and Cohen (1983) -- 11.5.1 Nonlinear stimulus effects in the MC83 data -- 11.6 Discussion and conclusions -- Notes -- 12 Articulatory correlates of ambisyllabicity in English glides and liquids -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Background -- 12.2.1 Toward a gestural definition of ambisyllabicity -- 12.2.2 Gestural syllable position effects -- 12.2.2.1 Intergestural timing: configurational properties of gestures -- 12.2.2.2 Final reduction: scaling properties of gestures -- 12.2.3 English liquids and glides -- 12.3 Experiment -- 12.3.1 Method -- 12.3.1.1 Subjects -- 12.3.1.2 Stimuli -- 12.3.1.3 Procedure -- 12.3.2 Results -- 12.3.2.1 /l/: Replication of Sproat and Fujimura (1993) -- 12.3.2.2 /w/ -- 12.3.2.3 /j/ -- 12.3.3 Discussion -- 12.3.3.1 C-gestures and V-gestures -- 12.3.3.2 A word on V-gestures -- 12.4 Conclusion -- Notes -- 13 Extrinsic phonetic interpretation: spectral variation in English liquids -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Complex segments -- 13.3 Laterals in English -- 13.3.1 Allophony.

13.3.2 A gestural account -- 13.4 Liquids in English -- 13.4.1 A liquid class -- 13.4.2 Kelly and Local -- 13.4.3 Dialect typology -- 13.5 Overview of experiments -- 13.5.1 Speakers -- 13.5.2 Word lists -- 13.6 Spectral analysis -- 13.6.1 F2 relationships -- 13.6.1.1 Nonrhotic varieties -- 13.6.1.2 Rhotic varieties -- 13.6.1.3 Summary of F2 space analysis -- 13.6.2 Cluster analysis -- 13.6.2.1 Distance metrics -- 13.6.2.2 Dendrograms -- 13.7 Temporal analysis -- 13.7.1 Durational analysis -- 13.7.2 Relative timing of articulatory gestures -- 13.8 Discussion -- 13.8.1 Gestural timing -- 13.8.2 Feature alignment in the prosodic hierarchy -- 13.9 Conclusion -- Note -- 14 Temporal constraints and characterising syllable structuring -- 14.1 Introduction: temporal constraint and the syllable -- 14.2 Models of intergestural timing and syllabic organisation -- 14.3 A problem: highly variable timing within the syllable -- 14.4 Exploring temporal variability systematically -- 14.4.1 Experimental methods -- 14.4.2 Measurements and hypotheses -- 14.5 Results -- 14.5.1 Metronome entrainment -- 14.5.2 Consistency of durations -- 14.5.3 Variable rates and shifting -- 14.5.4 Histeresis -- 14.6 Characterizing coda and onset production -- 14.7 Further questions and conclusions -- Notes -- 15 Commentary: some thoughts on syllables - an old-fashioned interlude -- IV Phonology and natural speech production: tasks, contrasts and explanations -- 17 Pitch discrimination during breathy versus modal phonation -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Background -- 17.3 Stimuli -- 17.4 Subjects and procedure -- 17.5 Results -- 17.6 Discussion and conclusion -- Note -- 18 The phonetic interpretation of register: evidence from Yorùbá -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Tonal register -- 18.3 Phonation type, voice quality, pitch and tonal contrasts -- 18.4 Voice quality and tone in Yorùbá.

18.4.1 Experimental procedure -- 18.4.2 Measurements -- 18.4.3 Results -- 18.4.3.1 Closed quotient -- 18.4.3.2 Spectral measures (1) and (2) -- 18.4.3.3 Spectral measure (3) -- 18.4.3.4 Summary -- 18.5 General discussion and conclusion -- Notes -- 19 Speech rhythm in English and Japanese -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.1.1 Rhythmic typologies -- 19.1.2 Speech cycling -- 19.1.3 Speech rhythm as temporal stability -- 19.1.4 Predictions about English and Japanese rhythm -- 19.2 Experiment 1 -- 19.2.1 Methods -- 19.2.1.1 Design of text materials -- 19.2.1.2 Procedure and measurement -- 19.2.2 Results -- 19.2.2.1 Production of waltz rhythm -- 19.2.2.2 Temporal stability of foot-initial syllables -- 19.2.3 Discussion -- 19.3 Experiment 2 -- 19.3.1 Methods -- 19.3.2 Results -- 19.3.2.1 Production of waltz rhythm -- 19.3.2.2 Cross-linguistic differences in temporal stability -- 19.3.3 Discussion -- 19.4 General discussion and conclusions -- 19.4.1 Toward a theory of metre in speech -- 19.4.2 Metre system versus metrical grids -- 19.4.3 Rhythmic typology revisited -- Notes -- 20 Commentary: on the interpretation of speakers' performance -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Phonetic interpretation in natural speech production -- 20.3 On contrast enhancement and preservation -- 20.4 Phonetic interpretation and feature representations -- 20.5 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.