Cover -- Half-title -- Series title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables -- Figures -- Abbreviations and Symbols -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- PART I Framework -- 1 The Structuring of Political Space -- Territoriality versus Functionality -- Exit, Voice, and the Structuring of the Space of Political Systems -- (External) Boundary-Building -- (Internal) Political-Institutional Structuring -- The Reduction of Exit and the Expression of Voice -- The Channeling of Voice (Representation) -- The Territoriality of Political Cleavages -- Center-Periphery Structures -- From Territorial to Functional Cleavages -- The Theory of the Nationalization of Politics -- Dimensions of Nationalization -- The Relationship Between National Forces and Territorial Structures -- The Nature of National Political Forces -- Forms of Nationalization and Delimitation of the Analysis -- 2 Data, Indices, Method -- Data -- Periods Covered and Data Sources -- Elections -- Political Parties and Codes for Party Families -- Levels of Aggregation and Boundary Changes -- Format of the Data -- Electoral System Specificities -- Units of Analysis -- Measures and Indices -- Competition -- Territorial Coverage by Parties -- Measures of Homogeneity of Voting Behavior -- Verification of the Consistency of Indicators -- Number and Size of Territorial Units -- Size of Political Parties -- Correlation Between Indicators -- PART II Evidence -- 3 Time and Space -- Historical Trends in Europe -- The Comparative Study of Countries: From Party to Party System Measures -- Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Territorial Systems -- Overall Comparative Figures Since World War II -- Trends in the 1990s -- The Historical Evolution Toward More Homogeneous Territorial Systems -- Four "Early Democracies": 1840s-Present -- Three Countries Since the 1870s.

Since the Beginning of the Twentieth Century -- After World War I -- Turnout -- 4 Types of Territorial Configurations -- Regionalist versus Regionalized Parties -- Small Regionalist Parties: Spain -- Large Regionalized Parties: Switzerland -- A Two-Party System: Britain -- Two Party Systems: Belgium -- Incomplete Territorial Coverage -- Many Small Parties: Italy -- From Many Small to Few Large Parties: Germany -- The Influence of Small Parties: Ireland -- A Regionalized Nordic Country: Finland -- The Nationalized Territorial Configurations -- Homogeneous Nordic Countries: Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden -- Nonterritorial Cleavages: The Netherlands and Austria -- Homogeneous Systems: France, Greece, and Portugal -- A Typology of Territorial Configurations -- 5 The Comparative Study of Cleavages and Party Families -- Cleavages and Party Families -- The Homogeneity of European Party Families -- The Comparison of Party Families -- The Path Toward the Nationalization of Historical Parties -- Patterns of Reterritorialization -- Comparing Party Families Across Countries -- Homogeneity and Similarity: Families of the Left-Right Dimension -- Heterogeneity and Difference: Families of Religious, Agrarian, and Regional Defense -- Deviation I: Christian Parties and Religious Differentiation -- Deviation II: Parties for Agrarian Defense -- Deviation III: Parties for Territorial Defense -- Two Conclusions -- PART III Toward an Explanation -- 6 The Dynamic Perspective -- Guidelines for Interpretation -- State Formation: Center-Building and State-Church Relationships -- Center-Building and Secularization -- Conservative and Catholic People's Parties -- Democratization: Mass Politics and the Industrial Revolution -- Social Mobilization and Electoral Participation -- Class Politics: The Impact of the Left-Right Cleavage.

The Decline and Transformation of Agrarian Politics -- Enfranchisement and Equalization of Voting Rights -- The Territorial Consequences of Electoral Laws -- The Development of Electoral Competition -- Party Competition and Territorial Homogeneity -- Indicators of Party Competition -- The Impact of Party Competition -- Conclusion: Nationalization and Democratization -- 7 The Comparative Perspective -- Patterns of Formation of National States -- Timing of State Formation and Cultural Heterogeneity -- Old Established States, Secessions, Unifications -- Cultural Fragmentation and Territorial Cleavages -- Religious Fragmentation -- Ethnolinguistic Fragmentation -- Cultural Heterogeneity and the Class Cleavage -- The Territoriality of Cleavages and Their Institutional Expression -- Cultural Cleavages and Their Impact on Territorial Voting Structures -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1 Party Codes -- Confessional Parties -- Belgian Parties -- Conservative Parties -- Miscellaneous Parties -- Appendix 2 Territorial Units -- Austria -- Belgium -- Denmark -- Finland -- France -- Germany -- Greece -- Iceland -- Ireland -- Italy -- The Netherlands -- Norway -- Portugal -- Spain -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- United Kingdom -- Britain -- Ireland (1832-1918) -- Northern Ireland (1922-present) -- Appendix 3 Computations -- Based on Percentage Distribution of Votes by Parties -- Based on Percentages of Parties' Vote Distribution by Constituencies -- All Constituencies versus Constituencies in Which the Party Is Present Only -- Territorial Coverage by Parties -- Estimates -- Appendix 4 Country Specificities -- Belgium -- Denmark -- France -- Germany -- Greece -- Iceland -- Ireland -- Italy -- The Netherlands -- Norway -- Portugal -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- United Kingdom (Britain) -- Appendix 5 Sources -- References -- Index -- Concepts -- Countries and Regions.

Parties and Party Families -- Historical Events (Periods).