Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Conventions and nomenclature -- Conventions -- Nomenclature -- Letters -- Symbols -- Subscripts -- Superscripts and overbar symbols -- 1 Equations of motion -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Properties of a fluid and the continuum assumption -- 1.3 Dynamic and thermodynamic principles -- 1.3.1 The rate of change of quantities following a fluid particle -- 1.3.2 Mass and momentum conservation for a fluid system -- 1.3.3 Thermodynamic states and state change processes for a fluid system -- 1.3.4 First and second laws of thermodynamics for a fluid system -- 1.4 Behavior of the working fluid -- 1.4.1 Equations of state -- 1.4.2 Specific heats -- 1.5 Relation between changes in material and fixed volumes: Reynolds's Transport Theorem -- 1.6 Conservation laws for a fixed region (control volume) -- 1.7 Description of stress within a fluid -- 1.8 Integral forms of the equations of motion -- 1.8.1 Force, torque, and energy exchange in fluid devices -- 1.8.1.1 Force on a fluid in a control volume -- 1.8.1.2 Torque on a fluid in a control volume -- 1.8.1.3 Work and heat exchange with a fluid in a control volume -- 1.8.1.4 The steady flow energy equation and the role of stagnation enthalpy -- 1.9 Differential forms of the equations of motion -- 1.9.1 Conservation of mass -- 1.9.2 Conservation of momentum -- 1.9.3 Conservation of energy -- 1.10 Splitting the energy equation: entropy changes in a fluid -- 1.10.1 Heat transfer and entropy generation sources -- 1.11 Initial and boundary conditions -- 1.11.1 Boundary conditions at solid surfaces -- 1.11.2 Inlet and outlet boundary conditions -- 1.12 The rate of strain tensor and the form of the dissipation function -- 1.13 Relationship between stress and rate of strain -- 1.14 The Navier-Stokes equations.

1.14.1 Cartesian coordinates -- 1.14.2 Cylindrical coordinates (x, axial -- θ, circumferential -- r, radial) -- 1.15 Disturbance propagation in a compressible fluid: the speed of sound -- 1.16 Stagnation and static quantities -- 1.16.1 Relation of stagnation and static quantities in terms of Mach number -- 1.17 Kinematic and dynamic flow field similarity -- 1.17.1 Incompressible flow -- 1.17.2 Kinematic similarity -- 1.17.3 Dynamic similarity -- 1.17.4 Compressible flow -- 1.17.5 Limiting forms for low Mach number -- 2 Some useful basic ideas -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The assumption of incompressible flow -- 2.2.1 Steady flow -- 2.2.2 Unsteady flow -- 2.3 Upstream influence -- 2.3.1 Upstream influence of a circumferentially periodic non-uniformity -- 2.3.2 Upstream influence of a radial non-uniformity in an annulus -- 2.4 Pressure fields and streamline curvature: equations of motion in natural coordinates -- 2.4.1 Normal and streamwise accelerations and pressure gradients -- 2.4.2 Other expressions for streamline curvature -- 2.5 Quasi-one-dimensional steady compressible flow -- 2.5.1 Corrected flow per unit area -- 2.5.2 Differential relations between area and flow variables for steady isentropic one-dimensional flow -- 2.5.3 Steady isentropic one-dimensional channel flow -- 2.6 Shock waves -- 2.6.1 The entropy rise across a normal shock -- 2.6.2 Shock structure and entropy generation processes -- 2.7 Effect of exit conditions on steady, isentropic, one-dimensional compressible channel flow -- 2.7.1 Flow regimes for a converging nozzle -- 2.7.2 Flow regimes for a converging-diverging nozzle -- 2.8 Applications of the integral forms of the equations of motion -- 2.8.1 Pressure rise and mixing loss at a sudden expansion -- 2.8.2 Ejector performance -- 2.8.3 Fluid force on turbomachinery blading -- 2.8.4 The Euler turbine equation.

2.8.5 Thrust force on an inlet -- 2.8.6 Thrust of a cylindrical tube with heating or cooling (idealized ramjet) -- 2.8.7 Oblique shock waves -- 2.9 Boundary layers -- 2.9.1 Features of boundary layers in ducts -- 2.9.2 The influence of boundary layers on the flow outside the viscous region -- 2.9.3 Turbulent boundary layers -- 2.10 Inflow and outflow in fluid devices: separation and the asymmetry of real fluid motions -- 2.10.1 Qualitative considerations concerning flow separation from solid surfaces -- 2.10.2 The contrast between flow in and out of a pipe -- 2.10.3 Flow through a bent tube as an illustration of the principles -- 2.10.4 Flow through a sharp edged orifice -- 3 Vorticity and circulation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Vorticity kinematics -- 3.2.1 Vortex lines and vortex tubes -- 3.2.2 Behavior of vortex lines at a solid surface -- 3.3 Vorticity dynamics -- 3.4 Vorticity changes in an incompressible, uniform density, inviscid flow with conservative body force -- 3.4.1 Examples: Secondary flow in a bend, horseshoe vortices upstream of struts -- 3.4.2 Vorticity changes and angular momentum changes -- 3.5 Vorticity changes in an incompressible, non-uniform density, inviscid flow -- 3.5.1 Examples of vorticity creation due to density non-uniformity -- 3.6 Vorticity changes in a uniform density, viscous flow with conservative body forces -- 3.6.1 Vorticity changes and viscous torques -- 3.6.2 Diffusion and intensification of vorticity in a viscous vortex -- 3.6.3 Changes of vorticity in a fixed volume -- 3.6.4 Summary of vorticity evolution in an incompressible flow -- 3.7 Vorticity changes in a compressible inviscid flow -- 3.8 Circulation -- 3.8.1 Kelvin's Theorem -- 3.9 Circulation behavior in an incompressible flow -- 3.9.1 Uniform density inviscid flow with conservative body forces.

3.9.2 Incompressible, non-uniform density, inviscid flow with conservative body forces -- 3.9.3 Uniform density viscous flow with conservative body forces -- 3.10 Circulation behavior in a compressible inviscid flow -- 3.10.1 Circulation generation due to shock motion in a non-homogeneous medium -- 3.11 Rate of change of circulation for a flxed contour -- 3.12 Rotational flow descriptions in terms of vorticity and circulation -- 3.12.1 Behavior of vortex tubes when Dt /Dt = 0 -- 3.12.2 Evolution of a non-uniform flow through a diffuser or nozzle -- 3.12.3 Trailing vorticity and trailing vortices -- 3.13 Generation of vorticity at solid surfaces -- 3.13.1 Generation of vorticity in a two-dimensional flow -- 3.13.2 Vorticity flux in thin shear layers (boundary layers and free shear layers) -- 3.13.3 Vorticity generation at a plane surface in a three-dimensional flow -- 3.14 Relation between kinematic and thermodynamic properties in an inviscid, non-heat-conducting fluid: Crocco's Theorem -- 3.14.1 Applications of Crocco's Theorem -- 3.14.1.1 Flow downstream of an inlet guide vane (stationary blade row) in a turbomachine -- 3.14.1.2 Flow downstream of a rotor (moving blade row) in a turbomachine -- 3.14.1.3 Flow downstream of a non-uniform strength shock wave -- 3.15 The velocity fleld associated with a vorticity distribution -- 3.15.1 Application of the velocity representation to vortex tubes -- 3.15.2 Application to two-dimensional flow -- 3.15.3 Surface distributions of vorticity -- 3.15.4 Some specific velocity fields associated with vortex structures -- 3.15.5 Numerical methods based on the distribution of vorticity -- 4 Boundary layers and free shear layers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Boundary layer behavior and device performance -- 4.2 The boundary layer equations for plane and curved surfaces -- 4.2.1 Plane surfaces.

4.2.2 Extension to curved surfaces -- 4.3 Boundary layer integral quantities and the equations that describe them -- 4.3.1 Boundary layer integral thicknesses -- 4.3.2 Integral forms of the boundary layer equations -- 4.4 Laminar boundary layers -- 4.4.1 Laminar boundary layer behavior in favorable and adverse pressure gradients -- 4.4.2 Laminar boundary layer separation -- 4.5 Laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition -- 4.6 Turbulent boundary layers -- 4.6.1 The time mean equations for turbulent boundary layers -- 4.6.2 The composite nature of a turbulent boundary layer -- 4.6.3 Introductory discussion of turbulent shear stress -- 4.6.4 Boundary layer thickness and wall shear stress in laminar and turbulent flow -- 4.6.5 Vorticity and velocity fluctuations in turbulent flow -- 4.7 Applications of boundary layer analysis: viscous-inviscid interaction in a diffuser -- 4.7.1 Qualitative description of viscous-inviscid interaction -- 4.7.2 Quantitative description of viscous-inviscid interaction -- 4.7.3 Extensions of interactive boundary layer theory to other situations -- 4.7.3.1 Non-one-dimensional flow -- 4.7.3.2 Boundary layers on rough walls -- 4.7.4 Turbulent boundary layer separation -- 4.8 Free turbulent flows -- 4.8.1 Similarity solutions for incompressible uniform density free shear layers -- 4.8.2 The mixing layer between two streams -- 4.8.3 The effects of compressibility on free shear layer mixing -- 4.8.4 Appropriateness of the similarity solutions -- 4.9 Turbulent entrainment -- 4.10 Jets and wakes in pressure gradients -- 5 Loss sources and loss accounting -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Losses and entropy change -- 5.2.1 Losses in a spatially uniform flow through a screen or porous plate -- 5.2.2 Irreversibility, entropy generation, and lost work -- 5.2.3 Lost work accounting in fluid components and systems.

5.3 Loss accounting and mixing in spatially non-uniform flows.