Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Evolutionary reconstructions of great ape intelligence -- INTRODUCTION -- RECONSTRUCTING GREAT APE COGNITIVE EVOLUTION -- HUMAN COGNITIVE EVOLUTION -- Donald -- Cosmides and Tooby -- Mithen -- Summary -- RECONSTRUCTIONS OF PRIMATE COGNITIVE EVOLUTION -- Social intelligence -- Ecological hypotheses -- Diet -- Ranging -- Summary -- RECONSTRUCTIONS OF GREAT APE COGNITION -- Extractive foraging -- Apprenticeship -- Arboreal clambering -- Technical intelligence -- Arboreal foraging -- DISCUSSION -- THE CURRENT VOLUME -- REFERENCE -- 2 Enhanced cognitive capacity as a contingent fact of hominid phylogeny -- INTRODUCTION -- THE QUESTION OF HOMOLOGY -- A PROFILE OF THE LAST COMMON ANCESTOR (LCA) OF LIVING HOMINIDS -- Large body mass -- Strong sexual dimorphism -- Large brain size -- Extended or delayed maturation -- Frugivorous diet -- Suspensory positional behavior -- Forest ecology -- Social organization and communication -- Tool use and self awareness -- SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ENDNOTE -- REFERENCE -- Part I Cognition in living great apes -- INTRODUCTION -- REFERENCE -- 3 The manual skills and cognition that lie behind hominid tool use -- WHY IS TOOL USE IMPORTANT IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION? -- WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT HUMAN TOOL USE? -- Tool using in animals other than apes -- A chimpanzee's view of the archaeological record of tool use -- Assessing the cognition of ape manual skills -- COGNITION IN THE MANUAL SKILLS OF LIVING GREAT APES -- Pan: the chimpanzee species -- Gorilla: the gorilla species -- Pongo: the orangutan subspecies -- CONCLUSIONS -- ENDNOTE -- REFERENCES -- 4 The cognitive complexity of social organization and socialization in wild baboons and chimpanzees: guided participation, socializing interactions, and event representation.

INTRODUCTION -- PRIMATE SOCIAL GROUPS IN THE WILD -- Range groups and aggregations -- Activity subgroups -- Fission-fusion social organization in Hamadryas baboons and chimpanzees -- ROLES AND SCRIPTS IN WILD PRIMATES -- Assessing the complexity of roles and scripts -- SOCIALIZATION AND APPRENTICESHIP IN HAMADRYAS AND CHIMPANZEES -- Cognitive processes underpinning socialization -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ENDNOTES -- REFERENCES -- 5 Gestural communication in the great apes -- INTRODUCTION -- COMMUNICATIVE GESTURES -- Exchange -- Requests involving cognizance of agency -- Pointing -- Intentionality -- Inventiveness -- SYMBOLIC GESTURES AND SYMBOLIC PLAY -- SIGNS -- Sign combinations -- COGNITIVE IMPLICATIONS OF GREAT APE GESTURAL COMMUNICATION -- REFERENCE -- 6 Great ape cognitive systems -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCEPTS AND MODELS OF COGNITION -- EVIDENCE -- COGNITIVE LEVELS: THE HIGH-MINDED -- Levels in great ape cognition -- COGNITIVE INTERCONNECTION: THE ORCHESTRALLY MINDED -- Logical-Physical -- Social-physical -- Logical-Social-Symbolic -- Complex facilitations -- GENERATING GREAT APE COGNITION -- Development and culture -- Generating cognitive structures -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ENDNOTES -- REFERENCE -- Part II Modern great ape adaptation -- INTRODUCTION -- 7 What's in a brain? The question of a distinctive brain anatomy in great apes -- INTRODUCTION -- MEASURING THE BRAIN -- GROSS ANATOMY -- Gyrification -- Asymmetries -- CYTOARCHITECTURE -- SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES -- BRAIN AND BRAIN STRUCTURE VOLUMES -- Cerebral cortex -- Frontal lobes -- Other forebrain structures -- The Cerebellum -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCE -- 8 Life histories and the evolution of large brain size in great apes -- INTRODUCTION -- BRAIN SIZE, LIFE HISTORY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES -- METHODS.

Life history and brain size data -- Controlling for body size -- Measures of environmental complexity -- Diet -- Group size -- Habitat -- Comparative methods -- RESULTS -- Brain weight and life history in primates -- Confounding variables: the Economos problem -- Confounding variables: environmental complexity and brain size -- Why is brain size linked to age at maturation? -- Brain growth constraint model -- Needing to learn model -- Juvenile risk model -- Which model fits with the data? -- THE EVOLUTION OF BRAIN SIZE AND LIFE HISTORY IN THE GREAT APES -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Evolution of complex feeding techniques in primates: is this the origin of great ape intelligence? -- DOES GREAT APE INTELLIGENCE DIFFER FROM THAT OF MONKEYS? -- COMPLEX FEEDING TECHNIQUES IN PRIMATES -- APPROACH -- PHYLOGENETIC DISTRIBUTION -- TARGET FOODS -- PROTECTION MODES: WHAT ARE THE OBSTACLES? -- TOOLS AND SUBSTRATES USED -- ESSENTIAL OPERATION PATTERNS -- TRAITS OF PHYLOGENETIC GROUPS -- Cebus -- Macaca -- Pongo and Pan -- "INSERTION FEEDING": THE ORIGIN OF GREAT APE INTELLIGENCE? -- Precision grip scenario -- Difficulty-in-learning scenario -- Tool-use scenario -- "Level 2" tree-structure scenario -- FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 The special demands of great ape locomotion and posture -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- POVINELLI AND CANT PREDICTIONS -- POSITIONAL MODE DEFINITIONS -- Biases -- CALCULATIONS OF POSTURAL MODE FREQUENCIES -- Hylobatids -- Gibbons -- Siamang -- Great apes -- Orangutan -- Bonobo -- Chimpanzee -- Gorilla -- CALCULATIONS OF LOCOMOTOR MODE FREQUENCIES -- Hylobatids -- Gibbon -- Siamang -- Great apes -- Orangutan -- Bonobo -- Chimpanzee -- Mountain gorilla -- Lowland gorilla -- DISCUSSION -- Posture -- Locomotion -- Predictions -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ENDNOTE -- REFERENCE.

11 Great ape social systems -- INTRODUCTION -- Hypotheses for cognitive evolution in primates -- SOCIAL SYSTEMS OF GREAT APES -- Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) -- Social organization and mating -- Dominance -- Bonding and cooperation -- Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) -- Social organization and mating -- Dominance -- Bonding and cooperation -- Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) -- Social organization and mating -- Dominance -- Bonding and cooperation -- Bonobos (Pan paniscus) -- Social organization and mating -- Dominance -- Bonding and cooperation -- SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE GREAT APES -- THE EVOLUTION OF GREAT APE COGNITION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ENDNOTE -- REFERENCE -- 12 Diet and foraging of the great apes: ecological constraints on their social organizations and implications for their divergence -- INTRODUCTION -- VARIATION IN GREAT APE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION -- ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS AND VARIATION IN APE DIETS -- Orangutans -- Gorillas -- Chimpanzees -- Bonobos -- GREAT APE FORAGING STRATEGIES AND GROUPING: THE ROLE OF DIET AND OTHER FACTORS -- Female grouping patterns -- Male grouping patterns -- SOCIAL FORAGING AND THE EVOLUTION OF HOMINOID FORAGING PATTERNS -- REFERENCE -- Part III Fossil great ape adaptations -- INTRODUCTION -- 13 Paleoenvironments and the evolution of adaptability in great apes -- ENVIRONMENTS OF NATURAL SELECTION -- PRIOR HYPOTHESES OF GREAT APE COGNITIVE EVOLUTION -- FOSSIL GREAT APES ENVIRONMENTS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF MIOCENE APES -- Local environments of Miocene apes -- Global and regional environments of Miocene apes -- Biogeography and decline of Miocene great apes -- EVOLUTIONARY ENVIRONMENTS OF EXTANT GREAT APES -- Adaptive settings of the Pliocene and Pleistocene -- Great apes' adaptability to environmental variability -- A SYNTHETIC HYPOTHESIS OF GREAT APE COGNITIVE EVOLUTION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCE.

14 Cranial evidence of the evolution of intelligence in fossil apes -- INTRODUCTION -- APE ANCESTORS -- FOSSIL EARLY APES -- FOSSIL GREAT APES -- Dryopithecus -- Oreopithecus -- Other fossil great apes -- RELATIVE BRAIN SIZE -- Encephalization quotient -- Absolute brain size -- Reorganization -- CONCLUSIONS -- A new cerebral size rubicon? -- Which came first? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ENDNOTE -- REFERENCE -- 15 Life history and cognitive evolution in the apes -- INTRODUCTION -- MAMMALIAN LIFE HISTORY AND LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION -- Sequential hypermorphosis (Progenesis) in life-history change -- MAMMALIAN LIFE HISTORY, BRAIN SIZE, AND COGNITION -- Linking life history, brain size, and cognition: brain growth -- Sequential hypermorphosis and brain growth -- CAUSATION IN THE LIFE-HISTORY/BRAIN SIZE CORRELATION -- EVOLUTION OF ENHANCED COGNITIVE CAPACITY -- FOSSIL EVIDENCE FOR THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORY AND BRAIN SIZE IN APES -- Life-history inference from dental development -- Dental development and brain size -- Measures of brain size in fossil apes -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCE -- 16 Fossil hominoid diets, extractive foraging, and the origins of great ape intelligence -- INTRODUCTION -- RECONSTRUCTION OF FOSSIL PRIMATE DIETS -- Functional dental morphology -- Dental wear analysis -- REVIEW OF MIOCENE HOMINOID DIETS -- Early Miocene (23-17 Ma) -- Middle Miocene (16-13 Ma) -- Late Miocene (12-5 Ma) -- TRENDS IN HOMINOID DIETARY EVOLUTION -- Hominoids of archaic aspect -- Hominoids of modern aspect -- Ancestral great ape dietary adaptations -- EXTRACTIVE FORAGING AND THE ORIGINS OF GREAT APE INTELLIGENCE -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCE -- 17 Paleontology, terrestriality, and the intelligence of great apes -- INTRODUCTION -- BODY SIZE AND APE LOCOMOTION -- APE BODIES AND THE FOSSIL RECORD.

ANCESTRAL CONDITION OF GREAT APES.